}]]}]}]}] 30:T470b,

### Advent of Europeans - **Portuguese:** Vasco da Gama (1498) at Calicut, established trade posts (Cochin, Goa, Daman & Diu). First to arrive, last to leave (Goa liberated 1961). - **Dutch:** East India Company (1602), established factories at Masulipatnam, Pulicat, Surat, Chinsura. Main interest in spices (Indonesia). Defeated by British in Battle of Biderra (1759). - **English:** East India Company (1600), Surat (1613), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), Calcutta (1690). Emerged as dominant power. - **French:** French East India Company (1664), Pondicherry (1673), Chandernagore. Anglo-French rivalry (Carnatic Wars) led to their decline. - **Danes:** Tranquebar (1620), Serampore. Sold settlements to British in 1845. #### Carnatic Wars (Anglo-French Rivalry) - **First (1746-48):** Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. - **Second (1749-54):** Treaty of Pondicherry. Dupleix recalled. - **Third (1758-63):** Battle of Wandiwash (1760) – British decisively defeat French. Treaty of Paris. ### British Expansion & Consolidation - **Bengal:** - **Battle of Plassey (1757):** Robert Clive defeats Siraj-ud-Daulah. Mir Jafar becomes Nawab. EIC gets Diwani rights. - **Battle of Buxar (1764):** Hector Munro defeats Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daulah (Awadh), Shah Alam II (Mughal). Treaty of Allahabad (1765) – EIC gets Diwani of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. - **Dual Government (1765-72):** Clive introduced. EIC had Diwani, Nawab had Nizamat (administration). Ended by Warren Hastings. - **Mysore:** - **Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan:** Strong resistance. - **Anglo-Mysore Wars:** - First (1767-69): Treaty of Madras. - Second (1780-84): Treaty of Mangalore. - Third (1790-92): Treaty of Seringapatam (Tipu loses half territory). - Fourth (1799): Tipu killed. Mysore annexed. - **Marathas:** - **Anglo-Maratha Wars:** - First (1775-82): Treaty of Salbai. - Second (1803-05): Subsidiary Alliance. - Third (1817-18): Maratha power crushed. Peshwa Baji Rao II exiled. - **Punjab:** - **Maharaja Ranjit Singh:** Powerful Sikh kingdom. - **Anglo-Sikh Wars:** - First (1845-46): Treaty of Lahore. - Second (1848-49): Punjab annexed. - **Doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie):** Annexed Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur, Jhansi. Awadh annexed on grounds of misgovernance. #### Administration & Policies - **Regulating Act (1773):** Governor of Bengal becomes Governor-General of Bengal (Warren Hastings). Supreme Court at Calcutta. - **Pitt's India Act (1784):** Board of Control (political) & Court of Directors (commercial). Dual system. - **Charter Acts:** - **1813:** EIC's monopoly ended (except tea & China trade). Christian missionaries allowed. - **1833:** Governor-General of Bengal becomes Governor-General of India (Lord William Bentinck). EIC becomes purely administrative body. Law Commission. - **1853:** Last Charter Act. Open competition for Civil Services. - **Permanent Settlement (1793, Cornwallis):** Zamindars recognized as owners of land, revenue fixed. - **Ryotwari Settlement (Madras, Bombay):** Direct settlement with cultivators. - **Mahalwari Settlement (Gangetic Valley, Punjab):** Settlement with village community/headman. - **Subsidiary Alliance (Wellesley):** Indian states lose sovereignty, accept British paramountcy, resident. First accepted by Nizam of Hyderabad. - **Drain of Wealth (Dadabhai Naoroji):** Economic critique of British rule. ### Socio-Religious Reform Movements - **Brahmo Samaj (1828):** Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Monotheism, opposed idolatry, Sati, caste system. Later split (Adi Brahmo Samaj, Brahmo Samaj of India). - **