Bharat Stree Mahamandal (1910): By Sarala Devi (Allahabad).

National Council of Women in India (1925): By Meherbai Tara.

All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1927): By Margaret Cousins, Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad, Rani Sahiba of Sangli, Sarojini Naidu, Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay, Lady Dorab Tata.

4. India before 1857

Civil Uprisings

Causative Factors: Revenue policies, destruction of Indian industry.
Major Causes: Rapid changes under Company rule, zamindars/poligars seeking revenge, decline of Indian handicraft industries, religious preachers instigating rebellion.
Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800): Manju Shah. Eastern Indian sanyasis against British oppression.
Revolt in Midnapore & Dhalbhum (1766-74): Against new land revenue system.
Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99): Low-caste peasants challenged Ahom kings in Assam.
Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram (1794): Against British.
Civil Rebellion in Awadh (1799): Wazir Ali Khan killed British resident.
Poligars' Revolt (1795-1805): South India. Kattabomman Nayakan.
Diwan Velu Thampi's Revolt (1808-09): Travancore. Against harsh EIC conditions.
Paika Rebellion (1817): Odisha. Rent-free land tenures.
Wahabi Movement: Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly. Return to pure Islam.
Kuka Movement: Bhagat Jawahar Mal (1840, Punjab). Religious purification, then political.

Peasant Movements

Indigo Revolt (1859-60): Forced indigo cultivation. Digambar Biswas, Bishnu Biswas (Nadia). Supported by intellectuals. Successful. First Satyagraha.
Pabna Movement: Occupancy Act of 1859. Zamindars increased rent. Peasants formed Agrarian League. Ended with 1885 Bengal Tenancy Act.
Deccan Riots of 1875: Deccan famine. Against Gujarati moneylenders. Ryots boycotted. Armed rebellion under Vasudev Balwant Phadke. Ended with Deccan Peasants Relief Act.
Kisan Sabha Movement: Post 1857. Taluqdars unhappy. Supported by Home Rule activists. Kisan Sabha in UP. Leaders: Gauri Shankar Mishra, Indra Nayan Dwivedi, Baba Ramchandra.
Eka Movement: End of 1921 (Northern UP). Peasants disobeyed British. Leader: Madari Pasi.
Mappila Revolt: 1836-56 (South Malabar). Against Hindu landlords.
Poligars: 1790s (Malabar). Land revenue system.
Bardoli Satyagrah: 1926 (land revenue increased). Leader: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Main Force: Peasants. Objectives: Against economic exploitation. Targets: Moneylenders, foreign planters, zamindars. Not against colonialism.
AIKS (All-India Kisan Congress/Sabha): Founded 1936 (Lucknow) by Swami Sahjanand Saraswati (president), N.G. Ranga (general secretary). Influenced Congress manifesto for 1937 elections.

Tribal Movements

Triggers: Land revenue policy, forest laws (1840), prohibition of shifting cultivation, new taxes, banning sacrificial customs, new administrations, religious policies, disturbance in indigenous culture.
Chauhars (1769): West Bengal. First to revolt.
Khasi (1828): Assam. Leader: Tiruth-singh. Why: Revenue policy, army presence.
Kol Uprising (1832): Chota Nagpur. Leader: Buddho Bhagat. Why: British expansion.
Khond Uprising (1846-48): Odisha. Leader: Chakra Besai. Why: Lord Hardinge I banned sacrifice.
Santhal (1854): Rajmahal Hills, Bihar. Leaders: Siddhu + Kanhu. Why: Land revenue policy.
Kachangas (1882): Assam. Leader: Shambhu Das. Why: British revenue policy.
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