A strong magnet made by placing a soft iron core inside a current-carrying solenoid. The magnetism is temporary and exists only as long as current flows.
Factors affecting strength:
- Magnitude of current.
- Number of turns in the coil.
- Nature of the core material (soft iron enhances magnetism).
Applications: Electric bells, loudspeakers, telephone diaphragms, large cranes for lifting heavy iron pieces.

A current-carrying conductor, when placed in a magnetic field, experiences a force.
The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the direction of current and the direction of the magnetic field.
The magnitude of the force is maximum when the direction of current is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
The force is zero when the conductor is placed parallel to the magnetic field.
Direction of Force: Fleming's Left-Hand Rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of your left hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger points in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
Applications: Electric motor.

A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Principle: Based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force.
Construction: Consists of a rectangular coil (armature) of insulated copper wire, a strong field magnet, a split ring commutator, and brushes.
- Armature: The coil (e.g., ABCD) which rotates.
- Field Magnets: Provide the magnetic field.
- Split Ring Commutator: Two halves of a metallic ring (P and Q) which reverse the direction of current in the coil every half rotation, ensuring that the force on the sides of the coil always acts in a direction that sustains the rotation.
- Brushes: Carbon brushes (X and Y) make contact with the commutator and supply current to the coil from the battery.
Working: Current flows from the battery through brush X, through the coil ABCD, and back to the battery through brush Y. Applying Fleming's Left-Hand Rule to sides AB and CD, forces act in opposite directions, causing the coil to rotate. The commutator reverses current direction in the coil every half turn, allowing continuous rotation in the same direction.

The phenomenon of producing induced electric current in a closed circuit by changing the magnetic field passing through it.
Ways to induce current:
- Relative motion between a coil and a magnet.
- Changing the current in a nearby primary coil, which in turn changes its magnetic field.
Induced Current: The current produced due to electromagnetic induction.
Direction of Induced Current: Fleming's Right-Hand Rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of your right hand such that they are mutually perpendicular. If the forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb points in the direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will show the direction of induced current.
Applications: Electric generator.