Class 10 SST Last Minute
Shared 2/14/2026•18 views
### History: Nationalism in India - **First World War, Khilafat & Non-Cooperation:** - War created new economic/political situations. - Forced recruitment, price rise, famine, influenza epidemic. - Satyagraha: Gandhiji's method of non-violent resistance. - Rowlatt Act (1919): Arrests without trial. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919). - Khilafat Movement: Ali brothers, Gandhiji saw it as unifying Hindus & Muslims. - Non-Cooperation Movement (1920): Boycott foreign goods, surrender titles. Chauri Chaura (1922) led to its withdrawal. - **Civil Disobedience Movement:** - Simon Commission (1928) boycotted. - Purna Swaraj (1929) demand at Lahore Congress. - Salt March (1930): Gandhiji to Dandi, broke salt law. - Impact: Boycott foreign cloth, liquor shops picketed, peasants refused revenue. - Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931): Gandhiji agreed to attend Round Table Conference. - Poona Pact (1932): Gandhiji & Dr. Ambedkar, reserved seats for Dalits in provincial/central legislative councils. - **Sense of Collective Belonging:** - United struggles, folklore, songs, icons (Bharat Mata), flags. - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: 'Vande Mataram'. - Abanindranath Tagore: Image of Bharat Mata. ### Geography: Resources and Development - **Resources:** - **Classification:** Biotic/Abiotic, Renewable/Non-Renewable, Individual/Community/National/International, Potential/Developed/Stock/Reserves. - **Resource Planning:** Need for sustainable development. Agenda 21 (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). - **Land Resources:** Land use patterns, land degradation, conservation measures. - **Soil as a Resource:** - **Types:** Alluvial, Black, Red & Yellow, Laterite, Arid, Forest. - **Soil Erosion:** Causes (deforestation, overgrazing, construction, mining), conservation methods (contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping, shelterbelts). ### Civics: Power Sharing - **Why Power Sharing is Desirable:** - **Prudential:** Reduces conflict between social groups. - **Moral:** Spirit of democracy. - **Forms of Power Sharing:** - **Horizontal:** Legislature, Executive, Judiciary (checks and balances). - **Vertical:** Union, State, Local Governments (federalism). - **Among Different Social Groups:** Community government (e.g., Belgium), reserved constituencies. - **Among Political Parties, Pressure Groups, Movements:** Competition ensures power doesn't stay in one hand. - **Case Studies:** - **Belgium:** Accommodation of diverse linguistic groups (Dutch, French, German). Complex power-sharing model. - **Sri Lanka:** Majoritarianism by Sinhala majority, leading to civil war. ### Economics: Development - **What is Development?** - Different people, different goals. What may be development for one may not be for another. - Income is important, but non-material things (freedom, security, respect) are also crucial. - **National Development:** - How to compare countries? Income (per capita income). - Other criteria: Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Literacy Rate, Net Attendance Ratio, Human Development Index (HDI). - **Sustainable Development:** - Development without compromising needs of future generations. - Groundwater depletion, exhaustion of natural resources.
