Effect: Increase in surface area increases the rate of evaporation.

Reason: More surface particles are exposed to the atmosphere, increasing the chance of escape.

Example: Clothes dry faster when spread out.

2. Temperature:

Effect: Increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation.
Reason: Higher temperature means more particles have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome attractive forces and escape.
Example: Clothes dry faster on a hot day.

3. Humidity:

Effect: Decrease in humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
Reason: Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. If the air already has a high amount of water vapor, it cannot hold much more, thus decreasing the rate of evaporation.
Example: Clothes dry slowly on a humid day.

4. Wind Speed:

Effect: Increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
Reason: Increased wind speed moves away the water vapor particles from the liquid's surface, decreasing the concentration of water vapor in the surrounding air. This increases the rate of escape for more water particles.
Example: Clothes dry faster on a windy day.

1.5.2 How Does Evaporation Cause Cooling?

Principle: During evaporation, the particles that escape from the liquid's surface are the most energetic ones. To compensate for the energy lost by these escaping particles, the remaining liquid particles (and the immediate surroundings) absorb energy from their environment. This absorption of energy from the surroundings makes the surroundings feel cool.
Applications/Examples:
- Acetone/Spirit on Palm: When you put acetone (nail polish remover) or spirit on your palm, it evaporates quickly, taking heat from your palm and making it feel cool.
- Desert Coolers: Work effectively on hot, dry days. The dry air and high temperature promote rapid evaporation of water from the cooling pads, which absorbs heat from the circulating air, making it cooler.
- Earthen Pots (Matkas): Keep water cool. The matka has tiny pores through which water seeps to the outer surface and evaporates. This evaporation causes cooling of the remaining water inside.
- Sweating and Cotton Clothes: In summer, we sweat more. Cotton clothes, being good absorbers of water, absorb sweat and expose it to the atmosphere for easier evaporation. The evaporation of sweat takes latent heat from our body, making us feel cool.
- Water Droplets on Cold Glass: When ice-cold water is poured into a glass, water vapor present in the air comes in contact with the cold outer surface of the glass. The water vapor loses energy and gets converted into liquid droplets (condensation).
- Sprinkling Water: People sprinkle water on the roof or open ground after a hot sunny day because the large latent heat of vaporisation of water helps to cool the hot surface.

1.6 Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)

These are two additional states of matter, less common in everyday experience but important in specific conditions.
Plasma:
- Consists of super energetic and super excited particles.
- These particles are in the form of ionised gases (atoms that have lost or gained electrons).
- Found in fluorescent tubes and neon sign bulbs. Inside neon sign bulbs, there's neon gas; inside fluorescent tubes,