Family & Child Development Cheatsheet

Cheatsheet Content

Rapport Building in Parent Education Main Idea: Building rapport (a trusting relationship) is the first and most essential step in any parent-education or child-development program. Caregiver Demonstrations: Understanding Empathy Acceptance of child’s emotions, behavior, and concerns Benefits of Established Rapport: Accurate identification of child’s needs and expectations Collaborative communication Promotion of emotional security Outcome: Foundation for constructive communication, psycho-social adjustment, and relationship-building. Glossary: Rapport: A psychologically comfortable, trusting interpersonal relationship Empathetic: Showing understanding of another's emotional state Collaborative: Joint participation to achieve shared goals Exceptional Children Main Idea: Children who deviate from typical developmental norms (cognitively, socially, emotionally, behaviorally). Differences may be: Accelerated or delayed learning Deviancy in conduct Atypical social adjustment Unique emotional experience Requirements due to non-standard needs: Specialized educational provisions Emotional support mechanisms Socio-psychological rehabilitation Associated Issues: Low or unstable self-esteem. Reintegration: Must be carefully systematized into educational and social environments. Glossary: Exceptional children: Children whose abilities/behaviors significantly differ from the norm Deviant: Behavior diverging from societal expectations Provisions: Specialized arrangements or services Reintegration: Systematic re-entry into normal schooling/society India's Family Planning Programme Main Idea: India was the first nation globally to institutionalize a Family Planning Programme in 1952. Program Aims: Regulate population growth Promote reproductive health Improve family welfare Symbol: Internationally-recognized inverted blue triangle ($\nabla$), signifying population stabilization and family welfare. Long-term Influence on: Maternal care Population control discourse Child welfare Health-policy development Glossary: Institutionalise: Establish officially at national level Reproductive health: Biological and social well-being in reproductive functioning Population control: Regulation of fertility levels National Family Welfare Programme Expansion Main Idea: Evolved from solely family planning to a broader welfare framework. Expanded Scope Includes: Women’s health Maternal-child health services Community-level interventions Developmental schemes for rural populations Government Initiatives: Created integrated service-delivery systems, health centers, and child-development outreach structures. Glossary: Broader welfare framework: Expanded social-policy scope Community interventions: Programs implemented at societal/grass-roots level Integrated service delivery: Combining multiple services under one institutional system Outreach: Extending services to marginalized populations Parenting Styles Authoritative Parenting (Positive Style) Description: High control + high acceptance and support. Parents set clear expectations, rules, limits, but are warm, responsive, communicative, and child-centered. Emphasizes: Balanced discipline Reasoning Encouragement of autonomy Emotional nurturance Outcome: Associated with positive child adjustment, high self-esteem, social competence, academic success. Indulgent / Permissive Parenting Description: Low control (few rules/boundaries) + high acceptance (nurturing, affectionate, child-centered). Often: Avoid punishment Allow self-regulation Provide emotional warmth but minimal discipline Outcome: Children may develop poor self-control, difficulty following rules, egocentric behavior. Neglectful Parenting (Uninvolved) Description: Low control + low acceptance. Minimal emotional involvement, little nurturance, absence of clear structure or expectations. Neither child-centered nor emotionally supportive. Outcome: Associated with poor social skills, emotional insecurity, behavioral problems. Authoritarian Parenting (Partial Introduction) Description: Controlling, rejective, and parent-centered (further details in next section). Glossary Authoritative: Balanced parenting—high control + high warmth Controlling: Setting limits, enforcing rules, demanding obedience Acceptive/Accepting: Showing emotional approval and warmth Child-centred: Focused on child’s needs, welfare, and choices Indulgent: Allowing too much freedom; permissive Boundaries: Behavioral limits or restrictions Neglectful: Failing to provide care, support, or supervision Rejective: Emotionally cold, non-accepting Family Income and Housing Expenditure Main Idea: As income rises, the percentage of income spent on rent generally stays constant because rent is usually a fixed contractual obligation. Key Point: Rent does not automatically rise proportionally with income unless the household deliberately chooses to upgrade. Outcome: When income increases, the relative share spent on rent reduces because other expenditures (luxury items, savings, education, lifestyle consumption) expand more. Glossary: Proportion: Share or percentage of the whole Fixed expense: A constant expenditure that does not change monthly Scale proportionally: Increase in exact ratio Authoritative Parenting in Adolescence Main Idea: Defines Authoritative Parenting in adolescence, balancing demandingness and responsiveness. Key Features: Encourages adolescent independence Maintains behavioral limits Uses verbal give-and-take interactions (dialogue, negotiation) Promotes self-expression and participation in decisions Provides both warmth and structure Outcome: Most adaptive parenting style, fostering positive developmental outcomes, emotional maturity, self-discipline, and prosocial behavior in adolescents. Glossary: Independence: Ability to make decisions autonomously Maintain limits: Enforce behavioral boundaries Verbal give-and-take: Two-way communication (dialogue) Nurturing: Supporting emotional development Step-Parenting Adjustment Process Main Idea: Outlines four phases of step-parenting adjustment. Phases: Gaining awareness: Family members recognize change when a new adult (step-parent) enters. Assimilation: Step-parent gradually integrates into family life by forming relationships and establishing a parental role. Making changes and adaptation: Members modify routines and expectations to adjust to new interpersonal dynamics. Establishing intimacy and resolution: Bonds and trust form, stability is achieved, and the family resolves conflicts. Theoretical Basis: Represents systems-theory adaptation, where a family restructures to accommodate a new subsystem. Glossary: Assimilation: Absorbing a new member into a social system Integrating: Mixing into established family operations Dynamics: Changing interactive patterns Intimacy: Emotional closeness and trust Resolution: Achieving stability after solving conflicts Galinsky’s 6 Stages of Parenthood Main Idea: Ellen Galinsky conceptualized parenting as a developmental process with six stages aligned to the child’s age, focusing on parents’ psychological tasks, shifting expectations, emotional roles, and disciplinary responsibilities. The Six Stages: The Image-Making Stage (pregnancy–birth): Parents form mental images and expectations. The Nurturing Stage (birth–18 months): Parents develop strong emotional attachments; caregiving dominates identity. The Authority Stage (age 2–4/5): Parents establish rules, limits, and discipline systems. The Interpretive Stage (age 4/5–adolescence): Parents help children interpret the world, values, culture, and education. The Inter-dependent Stage (adolescence): Parents renegotiate boundaries, balancing independence and guidance. The Departure Stage (late adolescence–leaving home): Parents adapt emotionally to a child’s separation. Glossary: Conceptualised: Theorized or formulated as a concept Expectations: Beliefs about future behavior Emotional attachment: Bond of affection and security Renegotiate: Reset rules through communication Independence: Self-governed functioning Humanistic & Existential Therapies Main Idea: Explains therapeutic theories emphasizing personal growth, present-moment experience, self-actualization, autonomy, responsibility, and meaning-making. Humanistic Therapy (e.g., Gestalt by Fritz Perls): Highlights awareness, spontaneity, personal accountability. Existential Therapy (e.g., Eric Berne’s transactional approaches): Analyzes meaning in life, existential choices, personal freedom, and self-creation. Person-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers): Stresses unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness. Contrast: Multimodal Therapy & Family Systems Theory differ by incorporating behavioral, cognitive, and systemic components, not only existential freedom. Glossary: Self-actualization: Fulfilling one’s highest potential Personal responsibility: Ownership of thoughts and actions Transactional analysis: Studying interpersonal behavior through ego-states Unconditional positive regard: Complete acceptance without judgment Genuineness: Authentic expression of therapist Multimodal: Using multiple treatment methods Existential: Concerned with meaning, choice, and existence Authoritative Parenting Example and Principles Main Idea: Elaborates on authoritative parenting with a behavioral example, illustrating its theoretical principles. Example: Parent placing a comforting arm on the child’s shoulder and saying, "You know you should not have done that. Let’s talk about how you can handle the situation better next time." Illustrates Theoretical Principles: High responsiveness (warmth & nurturance): Physical gesture conveys emotional support, lowers anxiety; no shaming. High demandingness (clear expectations and guidance): Acknowledges wrongdoing, reinforces internalized discipline. Encouraging autonomy & reflection: Invites problem-solving, focuses on future improvement, encourages self-regulation and moral reasoning. Open communication: Dialogue replaces punishment, developing emotional intelligence and social competence. Outcome: Reciprocal socialization style, producing adaptive coping, positive emotional development, internal moral control. Contrast: Authoritarian control (fear-based), permissive leniency (no rules), neglectful disengagement (no warmth & no structure). Relevance for UGC-NET: Baumrind’s Authoritative Parenting Model, balanced socialization, affective-cognitive support, moral internalization, non-punitive corrective feedback. Glossary: Comforting: Providing emotional reassurance and safety Reassurance: Statements or gestures that reduce fear or doubt Guidance: Direction offered through advice and clarity Nurturing: Supporting emotional growth and well-being Autonomy: Capacity to self-regulate and make independent decisions Remaking and Marital Happiness Main Idea: Forcing major changes on someone or a relationship (remaking) is not a solution for happiness. Coercive Power: Creates imbalance and destroys mutual respect. Alternative: Flexibility (ability to adjust and compromise) helps individuals maintain rights and happiness in marriage. Outcome: Rigid dominance undermines marital satisfaction, whereas emotional adaptability enhances intimate stability. Glossary: Remaking: Trying to change/reshape someone entirely Coercive power: Control through force, threats, or dominance Imbalance: Unequal power distribution Mutual respect: Equal regard for each other Flexibility: Willingness to adapt and compromise Attitudes toward Pregnancy and Parenthood Main Idea: Discusses factors influencing adjustment to parental roles. Key Factors: Positive attitudes toward pregnancy: Leads to better adjustment. Age of parents: Younger vs. older parents show different preparedness. Child’s temperament: An easy or difficult child affects parental adaptation. Friendships and peer roles: Not major determinants of adjustment. Outcome: Psychological readiness, parental maturity, and infant temperament significantly shape parental adaptation. Glossary: Adjustment: Psychological adaptation to new roles Preparedness: Readiness to handle responsibilities Temperament: Innate emotional style of the child Determinants: Key influences Authoritarian Parenting Defined Main Idea: Defines Authoritarian Parenting and compares it with other styles. Authoritarian Characteristics: High control Low warmth Parent-centered Demands obedience Little dialogue Comparison: Authoritative: Moderate control + high warmth Permissive: Low control + high warmth Uninvolved: Low control + low warmth Relevance: Aligns Baumrind’s typology into accurate classifications. Glossary: High control: Strict behavioral regulation Warmth: Emotional responsiveness Obedience: Compliance with rules Responsive: Sensitive to child’s needs Family as a Primary Socializing Agency Main Idea: Family is a primary socializing agency, building emotional support, psychological adjustment, and behavioral control. Family Solidarity: Grows through reciprocity (mutual exchange) and intergenerational learning (understanding roles, responsibilities, competencies). Outcome: Family plays a vital role in producing cause-and-effect understanding in social situations. Glossary: Reciprocal: Mutual, two-way exchange Intergenerational: Across different age groups Socialization: Learning norms and behavior Competence: Skill capability Solidarity: Emotional unity Parents Shaping Moral Behavior Main Idea: Parents shape children’s moral behavior through various methods. Methods: Involving them in decision-making Exposing them to different viewpoints Teaching empathy Providing emotional support Reasoning about rules (inductive discipline) Modeling moral values Supportive Discipline: Encourages empathy, moral development, and internalization of values. Outcome: Warm parental behavior aids cognitive and emotional growth. Glossary: Empathy: Understanding another’s feelings Moral development: Growth of ethical reasoning Inductive discipline: Explaining reasons behind rules Internalization: Accepting moral values as one’s own Perspective-taking: Seeing through another’s viewpoint Erik Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt Stage Main Idea: Discusses guilt development in Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, specifically the 3rd stage: Initiative vs. Guilt (3–6 years). Stage Characteristics: Children attempt new tasks, take leadership, and direct activities. Outcomes: Success: Leads to initiative (confidence). Failure or criticism: Leads to guilt (sense of inadequacy). Impact: Affects personality formation, autonomy, motivation, leadership, and emotional outcomes. Glossary: Psychosocial development: Interaction of psychological and social growth Initiative: Independent action with confidence Guilt: Negative emotion after failure Inadequacy: Feeling “not good enough” Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 Main Idea: Explains the legal definition of a minor in the context of marriage under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (India). Legal Age: Girl: Minor until 18 years of age. Boy: Minor until 21 years of age. Purpose of the Act: Prevent child marriages Protect children’s legal rights Stop early marriages interfering with health, education, autonomy, and psychological development Eradicate social practices harming girls disproportionately Child Marriage as a Threat to: Physical health (early pregnancy), reproductive rights, educational/economic opportunities, emotional maturity. Basis: Gender-sensitive protective stance (girls given protection earlier due to greater social vulnerability). Relevance for UGC-NET: Child welfare laws, Indian Legal Framework, Rights-based policy, Female child protection, Human Development Index themes. Glossary: Minor: A person legally below the age of adulthood Solemnization: Formal performance of a marriage ceremony Enacted: Passed into law Eradicate: Completely remove; eliminate Disproportionate: Unequal effect or burden Vulnerability: Higher risk of harm Reproductive rights: Legal rights concerning childbirth and pregnancy Matrilocal Residence and Kinship Systems Main Idea: Defines Matrilocal residence, a post-marital residence pattern, and contrasts kinship systems. Matrilocal Residence: Husband lives near or with the wife’s parents. Kinship Contrasts: Matrilineal descent: Tracing lineage through mothers. Patrilineal descent: Tracing through fathers. Matrilocal Systems: Occur where matrilineal kinship is dominant. Reinforce female-centered family structure. Influence inheritance, authority, and child-rearing norms. Other Terms: Incest (sexual relations within prohibited kinship lines) and Monotheism (belief in one God). Glossary: Matrilocal: Residence with wife's family after marriage Matrilineal: Descent traced through female line Patrilineal: Descent traced through male line Kinship: Blood or family relationship Incest: Prohibited sexual relations between close kin Monotheism: Belief in a single God Childline 1098 Main Idea: Explains “Childline 1098”, a 24-hour emergency helpline for children in crisis in India. Functions: Rescue of children from unsafe situations Emergency care and protection Medical and emotional support Reintegration with safe systems Collaboration: Works with government agencies, NGOs, civil society groups. Mandate: To ensure children’s safety, rights, and well-being. Glossary: Emergency outreach: Immediate support service Distress: Severe stress or danger Reintegration: Returning to safe family/community life Stakeholders: All actors involved (govt, NGOs) Comprehensive: Inclusive and complete Endogamy and Marriage Patterns Main Idea: Defines Endogamy and contrasts it with other marriage patterns. Endogamy: Marriage within the same caste, tribe, class, or social group. Functions: Maintains group identity, preserves status, property, and cultural purity. Exogamy: Marriage outside one’s group, promoting social mixing. Other Terms: Hypergamy: Marrying into a higher-status group. Hypogamy: Marrying into a lower-status group. Relevance: Concepts relate to social stratification, kinship regulation, and caste maintenance. Glossary: Endogamy: Marriage within the same group Exogamy: Marriage outside one's group Hypergamy: Marrying upward in status Hypogamy: Marrying downward in status Social stratification: Hierarchical social ranking Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005 Main Idea: Identifies 2005 as the correct year of enactment of the PWDVA. Purpose: Protect women experiencing physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, and economic abuse within domestic environments. Recognize multiple forms of intimate violence. Include rights to legal aid, shelter, residence orders, medical services. Mandate appointment of Protection Officers & service providers. Legislation Type: Rights-based gender justice framework. Glossary: Domestic violence: Abuse within household relationships Enacted: Made into law Economic abuse: Control of money and resources Entitlements: Legal rights and benefits Shelter: Safe accommodation Constitutional Provisions for Children’s Rights (India) Main Idea: Interprets Articles of the Indian Constitution related to children’s rights. Articles: Article 21A: Free and compulsory education for children 6–14 years. Article 23: Prohibits trafficking and forced labor. Article 24: Bans child labor below 14 in hazardous work. Article 45: State must provide early childhood care & education until age 6. Affirmation: The stated option matches constitutional provisions accurately. Glossary: Compulsory: Required by law Trafficking: Illegal buying/selling of persons Hazardous: Dangerous Early childhood care: Preschool and developmental support Family Decision-Making Main Idea: Decision-making in a family is a continuous process, not a single event. Family Goals Evolve Due to: Context changes New needs Shifting priorities Decision-Making Requires: Negotiation Evaluating alternatives Adjusting household roles Shared responsibility Alignment: Aligns with family systems theory and dynamic goal management. Glossary: Ongoing: Continuing Evolving: Changing development Evaluation: Systematic judgment Circumstances: Situational conditions Negotiation: Mutual discussion to reach agreement Anemia and Health Issues Main Idea: Explains Anemia and related health issues in India. Anemia: Deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to fatigue, weakness. Prevalence in Indian Women (15–49): High, due to poor nutrition, menstrual blood loss, repeated pregnancies, inadequate prenatal care. Related Conditions: Goiter: Enlargement of thyroid due to iodine deficiency. Low Body Mass Index (BMI): Indicating undernutrition. Connection: Anemia linked to energy deficiency and delayed development in children. Glossary: Deficiency: Lack of something necessary Hemoglobin: Protein in RBCs that carries oxygen Prevalence: How common a condition is Goiter: Swollen thyroid gland BMI: Indicator of weight appropriateness Undernutrition: Not getting enough nutrients Free Radical Theory of Aging Main Idea: Explains Denham Harman’s Free Radical Theory of Aging (1956). Theory: Aging happens because cells accumulate free radicals (unstable oxygen molecules) that damage cells, DNA, and tissues. Influence: Influenced research into antioxidants (which neutralize free radicals). Extension: Johan Bjorksten extended it into cross-linking, stressing molecular damage. Glossary: Free radicals: Unstable atoms that damage cells Accumulate: Gather gradually Oxidative stress: Damage caused by oxygen radicals Antioxidants: Molecules that neutralize free radicals Cross-linking: Chemical bonding affecting tissue aging Lenore Walker’s Cycle of Violence Theory Main Idea: Explains Lenore Walker’s Cycle of Violence Theory, widely used to understand domestic violence patterns. Three Phases: Tension-building phase: Stress increases. Acute battering/incidence: Violence occurs. Honeymoon phase: Apologizing, affection, promises. Outcome: Cycle repeats, trapping victims psychologically. Contrast: Unique for explaining cyclic nature, unlike Goode’s resource theory, Exchange theory, Social learning theory. Glossary: Domestic violence: Abuse within intimate relationships Tension building: Stage where stress rises Battering: Physical violence Honeymoon phase: Temporary peace/restoration Cyclical: Repeating pattern Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), 2005 Main Idea: Explains Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), 2005, a scheme under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Goals: Reduce maternal and newborn mortality. Encourage institutional deliveries. Provide cash incentives to poor pregnant women. Promote safe motherhood. Target: Women below poverty line and high-risk states, increasing institutional births and improving maternal health. Glossary: Institutional delivery: Childbirth in hospitals/PHCs Mortality: Death rate Incentives: Cash benefits Safe motherhood: Medical protection during pregnancy Family Welfare Programmes and Home Bills Main Idea: Home Bills/expenses are part of family welfare programs, providing comprehensive healthcare to families. Focus: Maternal and child health, reproductive health, immunization, treatment of infections, vaccination, counseling, and family planning services. Emphasis: Financial management of household spending is crucial for welfare. Glossary: Comprehensive: Complete and covering many aspects Reproductive health: Health related to pregnancy/sexual well-being Immunization: Vaccines for disease prevention Transmission: Spread of infection Household financial matters: Budget and spending at home Cephalocaudal Principle of Development Main Idea: Describes the Cephalocaudal Principle of Development. Meaning: Growth starts from the head downward. Prenatal development shows the head grows faster than the rest of the body due to crucial brain and neural development. Explanation: Explains why infants have large heads compared to their bodies. Supports head-to-toe developmental sequencing in motor development. Glossary: Cephalocaudal: Growth from head to tail Prenatal: Before birth Neural: Related to the nervous system Sequencing: Order of developmental progression Motor development: Growth of movement abilities Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Main Idea: Explains Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) — a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction. Key Characteristics: Symptoms appear in the first two years of life. Difficulties in social skills, emotional reciprocity, communication. Repetitive behaviors, restricted interests. Challenges with speech, nonverbal cues, social bonding. Factors: Influenced by genetic and environmental factors; early diagnosis improves outcomes. Glossary: Neurodevelopmental: Related to brain development Reciprocity: Two-way social interaction Repetitive behavior: Doing the same action repeatedly Nonverbal: Without spoken words Intervention: Early treatment/support Alzheimer’s Disease Main Idea: Explains Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, thinking, and cognitive functions. Symptoms: Memory loss, confusion. Repeating actions. Personality and behavior changes. Misplacing items. Slow ability to complete daily tasks. Affected Population: Mostly affects older adults, progresses over years, and is the most common form of dementia. Glossary: Progressive: Worsens over time Neurodegenerative: Brain cells deteriorating Cognitive: Thinking and memory abilities Dementia: Severe decline in memory and thinking Personality: Emotional/behavioral traits Family Budget Components Main Idea: Describes basic components of a family budget with major spending categories. Categories: Transportation: Fuel, maintenance, public transport. Health care: Doctor visits, insurance, medicines. Child care: Schooling, daycare, extracurricular activities. Other expenditures: Household costs. Highlight: Economic planning and financial literacy in family resource management. Glossary: Budget: Planned income–expense distribution Expenditure: Money spent Premiums: Insurance payment Extracurricular: Non-academic activities Polyphagia and Metabolic Disorders Main Idea: Defines Polyphagia — extreme hunger or excessive food intake. Association: Associated with metabolic disorders, especially diabetes mellitus. Body cannot use glucose properly. Appetite increases. Psychological issues may emerge. Differentiation: Polyuria: Excess urination (another diabetes symptom). Albuminuria: Albumin in urine, indicating kidney disease. Signal: Polyphagia signals endocrine dysfunction, appetite imbalance, and emotional distress. Glossary: Polyphagia: Extreme hunger Diabetes mellitus: Disease affecting glucose use Polyuria: Frequent urination Albuminuria: Protein in urine (kidney damage) Endocrine: Hormonal system Ministry of Rural Development Scheme (Bereaved Households) Main Idea: Describes a Ministry of Rural Development scheme giving ₹20,000 lump-sum monetary assistance to a bereaved household when the breadwinner dies. Purpose: Provide temporary financial relief. Support families facing economic shock. Assist widows, elderly, or dependents. Differentiation: Differs from pensions, public food distribution, institutional relief. Impact: Addresses rural vulnerability and income insecurity. Glossary: Lump sum: One-time payment Breadwinner: Main earning member Bereaved: Family experiencing death Mitigate: Reduce negative effects Ideal Parenting as Role Modeling Main Idea: Defines ideal parenting as role modeling. Parents Transmit Values Through: Consistent actions. Positive behaviors. Discipline and respect. Communication. Emotional modeling. Learning: Children internalize behavior by observing parents (Bandura’s social learning theory). Requirement: Parents must demonstrate moral guidance, responsibility, and character; supervision alone is insufficient. Glossary: Role model: Behavioral example to follow Internalize: Make values part of oneself Consistency: Regular, reliable behavior Responsibility: Being accountable Guidance: Teaching direction Extended Family Structure Main Idea: Defines an extended family as a household structure including parents, grandparents, children, and other relatives living together or in close proximity. Benefits: Provide shared responsibilities (childcare, finances, emotional support). Pool resources and labor. Maintain cultural continuity. Offer mutual support in economic hardship. Contrast: Differs from nuclear families (only parents + dependent children). More common due to economic factors, cultural collectivism, emotional security, and childcare benefits. Glossary: Extended family: Household with 3+ generations Proximity: Nearness Shared responsibilities: Collective task-sharing Resources: Money, labor, time, property Collectivism: Group-centered cultural values Permissive Parenting Main Idea: Describes Permissive Parenting — parents are lenient, indulgent, and allow children to self-regulate. Features: Few rules, little discipline. High nurturance. Allow children to make their own choices. Contrasts: Authoritative: Warm + rules + responsiveness. Authoritarian: Strict + obedience + low warmth. Outcome: Fosters independence but risks poor self-control, impulsiveness, entitlement. Glossary: Lenient: Less strict Self-regulate: Control own behavior Indulgent: Allowing too much flexibility Obedience: Doing what authority says Levirate Marriage Main Idea: Describes Levirate marriage — a cultural practice in which a widow marries her deceased husband’s brother. Purpose: Ensure economic and social security. Keep property and inheritance within the lineage. Protect widow and children. Practice: Practiced in various cultures (Africa, Middle East, India). Related Term: Sororate — widower marries sister of deceased wife. Glossary: Levirate: Widow marries husband’s brother Sororate: Widower marries wife’s sister Inheritance: Passing wealth/property Lineage: Ancestral line Polyandry Main Idea: Explains Polyandry — one woman marries more than one husband. Prevalence: Less common globally but exists among Himalayan tribes, Nair community in Kerala, Tibetan societies. Reasons: Conserve land inheritance. Control population. Maintain economic stability. Legality: Often illegal but socially rooted. Glossary: Polyandry: Woman with multiple husbands Polygyny: Man with multiple wives Inheritance: Passing land/property Economic stability: Steady financial condition Progressive Preference (Family Arrangements) Main Idea: Defines progressive preference — acceptance of non-traditional family arrangements that challenge conventional marriage norms. Examples: Unmarried couples living together with a child, cohabitation, acceptance of diverse living forms. Reflects: Forward-thinking social norms, gender equality, dismantling rigid family structures, accepting lifestyle autonomy. Note: Cohabitation does not automatically reflect progressive values unless tied to ideological acceptance. Glossary: Progressive: Forward-thinking, reform-oriented Cohabitation: Unmarried partners living together Non-traditional: Outside conventional norms Autonomy: Freedom of personal choice Dismantle: Break down Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) 2005 (Detailed) Main Idea: Describes the PWDVA 2005, effective 26 Oct 2006, as comprehensive legislation protecting women from domestic violence. Covers: Physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, economic abuse. Provides: Legal remedies, protection orders, shelter homes, residence rights, medical facilities, support services. Impact: Enlarges women’s legal rights, accountability for aggressors, and victim-centered support. Glossary: Comprehensive: Extensive, covering many forms Relief: Assistance or help Protection order: Legal restriction against abuser Residence rights: Right to stay in shared household Victim-centered: Focused on survivor’s needs Family Support Systems Main Idea: Family support systems are intervention efforts providing assistance to families under stress. Interventions: Counseling, parenting education, financial support, emotional & crisis relief. Strengthens Families By: Improving coping skills, access to services, resilience, parent–child relationships. Outcome: Help families overcome difficulties and prevent dysfunction. Glossary: Intervention: Planned help or involvement Coping skills: Ability to manage stress Resilience: Ability to bounce back from problems Dysfunction: Poor functioning Crisis relief: Emergency support Women in Higher Work Positions and Income Disparity Main Idea: When women occupy higher work positions, income disparity between men and women increases because senior men earn more than women at the same level. "Glass Ceiling": An invisible barrier stopping women from advancing to senior positions. Impact: As women climb higher, income inequality becomes sharper compared to lower-level jobs. Reflects gender discrimination in corporate structures. Glossary: Glass ceiling: Invisible barrier stopping women’s promotion Income disparity: Income gap / difference Corporate: Business/organizational environment Inequality: Uneven distribution Barrier: Obstruction Nuclear Family Size and Advantages Main Idea: Defines nuclear family size (two parents + dependent children) and its advantages related to economic processes. Advantages: Privacy. Easier parenting supervision. Personalized attention. Clearer family roles. Challenges: Higher emotional & financial pressure on parents; reduced shared responsibilities compared to joint families. Glossary: Nuclear family: Parents + children Personalized attention: Individual care Efficient: Works smoothly with fewer complications Dependency: Relying on caretakers Shared responsibilities: Collective division of tasks Internalization of Patriarchal Values by Women Main Idea: Women internalize patriarchal values by accepting and repeating beliefs that support male dominance. Patriarchy Defines: Gender roles, expectations, male authority over women. Internalization Leads Women to: Justify inequality, conform to oppressive cultural norms, reproduce patriarchal thinking in family systems. Outcome: Cultural conditioning sustains unequal gender relations. Glossary: Patriarchal values: Male-dominated beliefs Internalize: Accept deeply as personal belief Conform: Follow social expectations Oppression: Unfair domination Cultural conditioning: Learning norms from society International Human Rights Conventions Main Idea: Refers to major international human-rights conventions (ICCPR, UN Conventions for Women and Children, Convention on Child Rights). Protection: These instruments protect fundamental freedoms (life, liberty, speech, fair trial). Scope: Help human rights broadly, but do not specifically address family-related rights unless indirectly linked. Glossary: Convention: International legal treaty Civil rights: Individual liberties (speech, equality) Covenant: Binding agreement Fundamental freedoms: Core human rights Indirect: Not directly stated Marriage as a Social and Legal Institution Main Idea: Marriage is a socially recognized and legally approved union between two adults. Marriage Creates: Legal duties, emotional bonds, social obligations, kinship expansion. Legal Frameworks Regulate: Inheritance, legitimacy of children, spousal duties, divorce. Conclusion: Marriage is both a legal institution and a cultural practice. Glossary: Legally recognized: Accepted by law Kinship: Family network Obligations: Responsibilities Legitimacy: Legal recognition Spousal: Related to marriage partner Human Rights Day Main Idea: Human Rights Day is observed annually, promoting awareness of dignity, equality, freedom, and justice. Related To: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Purpose: Raises consciousness about protecting global human rights, eliminates discrimination, and supports international cooperation. Glossary: Observed: Celebrated/commemorated Dignity: Respect and worth Discrimination: Unfair differential treatment Declaration: Formal statement Awareness: Knowledge and understanding Kinship Networks Main Idea: Kinship networks are wider than nuclear or joint family structures. Kin Relationships Include: Relatives by blood (consanguinity), relatives by marriage (affinal ties), adopted members. Kinship Organizes: Inheritance rights, support obligations, lineage continuation, emotional solidarity. Function: Kin groups form the basis of social support, care during illness, child-rearing, economic cooperation, and old-age protection. Glossary: Kinship: Social relationships based on blood/marriage Consanguinity: Related by blood Affinal: Related by marriage Lineage: Family descent line Solidarity: Emotional unity Co-residence and Family Membership Main Idea: Co-residence is not the only requirement for family membership. Family Connection Without Co-residence: Even when living separately, family members may maintain emotional bonds, exchange economic support, share cultural duties, and participate in rituals. Definition of Family: Defined not just by physical proximity, but by social obligation and emotional connection. Glossary: Co-residence: Living together in one place Emotional bonds: Feelings of attachment Ritual obligations: Cultural or religious duties Social membership: Inclusion in a group Elderly Care and Demographic Changes Main Idea: Elderly care is becoming a major responsibility as demographic changes increase longevity. Older Adults Require: Physical care, emotional support, financial resources, medical assistance. Decline in Traditional Family Caregiving Due To: Nuclearization, migration, women joining the workforce, reduced dependence on extended kin. Transition: Elder care is transitioning from family-managed support to institutional services (old-age homes, pensions, health insurance). Glossary: Longevity: Living longer life spans Nuclearization: Shift to nuclear families Institutional services: Support by formal agencies Dependency: Needing help to function Demographic change: Change in population makeup Inheritance Rights Main Idea: Inheritance rights determine the transfer of family property across generations. Inheritance Rules Depend On: Legal systems (Hindu Succession Act, Muslim inheritance law), gender norms, marital status, patrilineal vs matrilineal traditions. Modern Reforms Aim To: Increase gender equality, grant daughters equal property rights, reduce discrimination against widows. Significance: Inheritance represents economic power, gender justice, and lineage continuity. Glossary: Inheritance: Passing property after death Succession: Legal sequence of heirs Patrilineal: Descent through father Gender justice: Equality between sexes Reform: Change for improvement Significance of Socialization in Transmitting Values Main Idea: Emphasizes the significance of socialization in transmitting values. Family Socialization Teaches: Norms, behavior patterns, discipline, identity, emotional habits. Children Internalize Values By: Observation, imitation, reinforcement (Bandura’s Social Learning Theory). Outcome: Effective socialization develops self-control, morality, empathy, and gender roles. Glossary: Socialization: Learning social behavior Internalize: Make a belief part of the self Reinforcement: Reward that strengthens action Modelling: Learning by copying Norms: Accepted rules in society Conjoint Family Therapy Main Idea: Explains Conjoint Family Therapy, a therapeutic approach where two or more family members are counseled together to resolve conflicts. Key Ideas: Family is an interconnected system; one member's behavior affects others. Therapy focuses on interaction patterns, not just individual symptoms. Goals: Holistic understanding of family roles, improving communication, reducing emotional tension, developing coping strategies. Requirement: Does not always require the entire family, but members whose behavior influences the system. Glossary: Conjoint: Involving two or more people jointly Family system: Interconnected emotional unit Intervention: Planned therapeutic action Holistic: Considering the whole system Inclusive: Covering all relevant members Negative Impact of Excessive Parental Interference Main Idea: Describes the negative impact of excessive parental interference in a child’s interests and activities. Consequences: Frustration, resentment, feeling controlled, loss of independence & creativity, negative perception of parents, reduced confidence. Child Development: Children require autonomy to explore interests; too much interference blocks identity formation and intrinsic motivation. Ideal: Balanced parental attention encourages warmth, guidance, and emotional safety. Glossary: Interfere: Interrupt or obstruct Resentment: Anger due to feeling controlled Stifle: Suppress or stop Autonomy: Independence in choices Overwhelming: Too much to handle Authoritative Parenting (Balance) Main Idea: Explains Authoritative Parenting, highlighting its balance between individuality and social constraints. Core Characteristics: Warmth + nurturance, clear expectations, encouragement of responsibility, open dialogue, promotes self-regulation, high academic and social competence. Research Shows: Promotes social skills, emotional maturity, confidence, resilience. Conclusion: Considered the most effective parenting style. Glossary: Individuality: Personal uniqueness Constraints: Limits or rules Nurturing: Emotionally supportive Competence: Ability or skill Self-regulated: Controlling one’s own behavior Hardships Faced by Single-Parent Families Main Idea: Addresses hardships faced by single-parent families. Challenges: Financial burden on one earner, emotional stress, role overload (caregiver + breadwinner), balancing work/childcare/home tasks, potential insecurity in children. Impact: Loss of a partner makes adjustment harder for both parent and child. Economic and emotional strain may lead to difficulty in routine, schooling, and psychological well-being. Glossary: Hardships: Difficult conditions Breadwinner: Earning member Burden: Heavy responsibility Adjustment: Adaptation to new situation Logistical: Practical day-to-day arrangements Marital Compatibility and Family Functioning Main Idea: Explains that compatibility between marital partners leads to harmonious family functioning. Compatibility = Shared values, balanced expectations, emotional support, flexibility. Incompatibility Due To: Poor communication, unrealistic expectations, mental health issues, personality defects. Risk: Can increase the risk of family disorganization, instability, and emotional conflict. Glossary: Compatibility: Ability to work well together Cohesion: Emotional unity Instability: Lack of steadiness Incompatible: Not matching or coordinated Personality defects: Behavioral or emotional traits causing disturbance Role of Counsellors Main Idea: Explains the role of counselors, which is not to give direct advice but to encourage self-help and self-responsibility. Counsellor's Role: Empower the counsellee to make decisions, listen empathically, avoid creating dependency. Counselling Aims At: Guidance through active listening, insight building, goal setting, and therapeutic rapport, not advice-giving. Alignment: Aligns with Rogerian Person-Centered Therapy (clients find their own solutions). Glossary: Counsellor: Mental-health guide Dependency: Relying excessively on others Empower: Give confidence and authority Rapport: Trusting relationship Therapeutic: Healing-focused Non-Discrimination (Convention on the Rights of the Child) Main Idea: Discusses the principle of non-discrimination, especially as reflected in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). CRC Emphasizes: Equality for all children, protection regardless of gender, caste, religion, birth status, race, disability, or language. Focus on survival, growth, and development; ensuring dignified treatment. Principle: Prohibits unequal treatment, prejudice, and denial of entitlements, making it a foundation of child rights frameworks worldwide. Glossary: Non-discrimination: Treating everyone equally Prejudice: Biased negative attitude Entitlements: Legal rights/benefits Dignity: Respect and worth Framework: System of guiding laws Psychological Disorders and Counselling Main Idea: Explains that psychological disorders disrupt emotional and behavioral functioning, affecting a person’s capacity to deal with daily life. Counsellors Aim To: Help clients develop coping strategies, improve emotional functioning, identify and modify maladaptive thoughts, enhance psychological strength. Techniques: Behavior therapies, cognitive restructuring, and supportive counseling, giving individuals resources to handle stress and emotional instability. Glossary: Psychological disorders: Mental health conditions Coping strategies: Ways of handling stress Maladaptive: Not helpful or damaging Cognitive restructuring: Changing faulty thinking Instability: Lack of emotional steadiness Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Services Main Idea: Refers to Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) services. RCH Addresses: Maternal healthcare, safe delivery, newborn care, immunization, nutrition, contraception and reproductive choices, informed decision-making. Programs Aim To: Improve maternal-child survival rates, reduce infant/maternal mortality, and provide access to reproductive rights. Glossary: Immunization: Vaccination Contraception: Preventing unwanted pregnancies Mortality: Death rate Informed decision: Decision with full knowledge Reproductive rights: Rights related to pregnancy/sexual health Vikaas Program (National Social Assistance Programme) Main Idea: Explains Vikaas, a program under the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), aimed at reducing poverty and improving quality of life. Supports: Widows, elderly, persons with disabilities, BPL households. Provides: Monthly pensions, social security, livelihood support, access to government welfare. Outcome: Enables vulnerable groups to maintain a minimum standard of living. Glossary: Vulnerable: At risk or weak groups Livelihood: Source of income Social security: Welfare protection BPL: Below Poverty Line Assistance: Support/aid Family Systems Theory Main Idea: Emphasizes family systems theory, stating the family is an interpersonal network where individuals’ actions influence each other. Key Concepts: Emotional interdependence, communication patterns, roles and expectations, problem-solving, adaptive restructuring. Family Therapy Addresses: Conflict resolution, emotional blocks, dysfunctional communication. Conclusion: Solutions must be system-based, not individual-isolated. Glossary: Interpersonal: Between people Interdependence: Mutual influence Dysfunctional: Poorly functioning Adaptive restructuring: Changing patterns to cope System-based: Whole-unit approach Marital Status and Life Outcomes Main Idea: Distinguishes marital status and its effect on life outcomes. Marriage Influences: Emotional security, social legitimacy, property rights, financial status, child-rearing structures. Unstable Marriages Can Lead To: Insecurity, emotional distress, children’s maladjustment, family disorganization. Conclusion: Marriage is a legal, emotional, and social institution affecting overall well-being. Glossary: Legitimacy: Legal acceptance Property rights: Ownership of assets Emotional distress: Mental strain Maladjustment: Poor adaptation Disorganization: Breakdown in functioning Informed Contraceptive Choices Main Idea: Explains the importance of informed contraceptive choices. Women Must: Get access to contraception, understand types and risks, exercise autonomy over pregnancy, prevent unwanted births, reduce health complications. Contraceptive Education Ensures: Fewer maternal deaths, spacing between births, healthier families, reduction in population pressure. Significance: Essential for women’s reproductive rights and empowerment. Glossary: Contraceptive: Birth-control methods Autonomy: Ability to decide independently Complications: Medical problems Empowerment: Gaining control and choice Spacing: Gaps between pregnancies Welfare and Quality of Life (QoL) Main Idea: Explains the concept of welfare and Quality of Life (QoL). Quality of Life Includes: Economic stability (income, employment, housing), health (physical, mental, reproductive), education, social well-being, emotional/psychological satisfaction. Welfare Aims To Ensure: Access to essential services (healthcare, nutrition, sanitation), opportunities for personal growth, supportive environments. Conclusion: Welfare policies should help people live safe, meaningful, and fulfilling lives. Glossary: Welfare: Well-being supported by policies Encompass: Include or cover Dimensions: Different aspects Psychological well-being: Mental & emotional health Supportive environment: Safe and encouraging surroundings Childbirth / Childbearing Stage in Family Cycle Main Idea: Discusses the childbirth / childbearing stage in the family cycle, where parents undergo major transitions. Parents Need Support To Handle: Physical demands of pregnancy, childcare responsibilities, career–family balance, emotional stress, early child-rearing challenges. Support Systems: Family, friends, doctors, counselors help reduce isolation, stress, anxiety. Emphasis: Emotional support is most important, fostering confidence, security, bonding, mental health. Glossary: Childbearing stage: Period from pregnancy to early childcare Reassurance: Comfort and confidence-giving Isolation: Feeling alone Transition: Change from one stage to another Emotional support: Encouragement and empathy Empty Nest Syndrome Main Idea: Explains Empty Nest Syndrome, a psychological experience of sadness, loneliness, and purposelessness parents may feel when children leave home. Occurrence: Most common in late adulthood (midlife or older). Effects: Identity crisis, emotional discomfort, grief-like feelings, adjustment problems. Parental Role: Parents must redefine their roles. Associated With: Decreased social engagement, anxiety or depression in some cases, renegotiation of marital relationships. Glossary: Empty Nest Syndrome: Sadness when children leave home Identity crisis: Confusion about one's role or purpose Loneliness: Feeling socially isolated Adjustment: Emotional adaptation Late adulthood: Later life stage (midlife onward)