Mass Balance General Equation: Input + Generation - Output - Consumption = Accumulation Steady-State: Accumulation = 0, so Input + Generation = Output + Consumption Energy Balance General Equation: Energy In + Heat Added + Work Done - Energy Out - Energy Consumed = Accumulation Steady-State: Accumulation = 0, so Energy In + Heat Added + Work Done = Energy Out + Energy Consumed Key Concepts Conservation of Mass: Mass cannot be created or destroyed. Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Common Formulas Mass Flow Rate: $\dot{m} = \rho A v$ (density $\rho$, area $A$, velocity $v$) Heat Transfer: $Q = mc\Delta T$ (mass $m$, specific heat $c$, temperature change $\Delta T$) Work (Pressure-Volume): $W = P\Delta V$ (pressure $P$, change in volume $\Delta V$) Unit Conversions Length Conversions Meters to Centimeters: $1 \text{ m} = 100 \text{ cm}$ Centimeters to Meters: $1 \text{ cm} = 0.01 \text{ m}$ Volume Conversions Gallons to Liters: $1 \text{ gal} \approx 3.785 \text{ L}$ Liters to Gallons: $1 \text{ L} \approx 0.264 \text{ gal}$ Temperature Conversions Celsius to Fahrenheit: $^\circ\text{F} = (^\circ\text{C} \times 9/5) + 32$ Fahrenheit to Celsius: $^\circ\text{C} = (^\circ\text{F} - 32) \times 5/9$ Energy Conversions Kilojoules to Calories: $1 \text{ kJ} \approx 0.239 \text{ kcal}$ Calories to Kilojoules: $1 \text{ kcal} \approx 4.184 \text{ kJ}$
