Definition: A word that replaces a noun.

Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, mine, yours, myself, this, who, everyone.

Types:

Personal: Refer to specific people or things (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them).
Possessive: Show ownership (e.g., mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs).
Reflexive: Refer back to the subject (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves).
Demonstrative: Point to something (e.g., this, that, these, those).
Interrogative: Ask questions (e.g., who, what, which, whom, whose).
Indefinite: Refer to non-specific things (e.g., everyone, something, nobody, all, many, few).

Verbs change form to show when an action happens.

Simple Present: For habits, facts, scheduled events.
- Form: Base verb (add -s/-es for 3rd person singular).
- Examples: I eat. He eats. The sun rises. They work every day.
Present Continuous: For actions happening now.
- Form: $am/is/are + verb + -ing$.
- Examples: I am eating. She is reading. We are studying for the exam.
Present Perfect: For actions started in the past, continuing to present, or completed at an unspecified time in the past.
- Form: $have/has + past \ participle$.
- Examples: I have eaten. He has studied. They have lived here for ten years.
Present Perfect Continuous: For actions started in the past and continuing up to now, emphasizing duration.
- Form: $have/has \ been + verb + -ing$.
- Examples: I have been waiting for an hour. She has been working on this project all morning.

Simple Past: For completed actions in the past.
- Form: verb + -ed (regular) or irregular form.
- Examples: I ate. He walked. We saw a movie last night.
Past Continuous: For ongoing actions in the past.
- Form: $was/were + verb + -ing$.
- Examples: I was eating when you called. They were playing soccer.
Past Perfect: For an action completed before another past action.
- Form: $had + past \ participle$.
- Examples: I had eaten before he arrived. She had finished her homework by the time her friends came over.
Past Perfect Continuous: For an ongoing action in the past that stopped before another past action, emphasizing duration.
- Form: $had \ been + verb + -ing$.
- Examples: She had been studying for hours before the exam. They had been traveling for days before they reached their destination.

Present Participle: Used in continuous tenses (e.g., He is running, They were singing) or as an adjective (e.g., a running stream, the shining star).
Gerund: Acts as a noun (e.g., Swimming is fun, I enj