### State Properties - **Specific Volume ($v$)**: $v = V/m$ - **Quality ($x$)**: $x = m_g / m_t$ - **Interpolation Formula**: $y = y_0 + (x - x_0) \frac{y_1 - y_0}{x_1 - x_0}$ - Used for finding properties between known values in tables. ### Internal Energy ($U$) - **Specific Internal Energy ($u$) for Saturated Mixture**: $u = (1-x)u_f + xu_g$ - Also: $u = u_f + x u_{fg}$ - **Total Internal Energy**: $U = m \cdot u$ - **Change in Internal Energy**: $\Delta U = U_2 - U_1$ ### Volume Calculations - **Specific Volume for Saturated Mixture**: $v = v_f + x v_{fg}$ - **Change in Volume**: $\Delta V = V_1 - V_2$ - **Total Volume from Specific Volume**: $V = m \cdot v$ ### Thermodynamic Processes - **Constant Pressure Process (e.g., due to piston)**: $P = \text{constant}$ - **Constant Volume Process (e.g., piston on stops)**: $V = \text{constant}$
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