Social Science I - Part 2 Notes

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India After Independence Challenges Faced by Newly Independent India Refugee Crisis: Massive displacement and communal riots following the Partition of India (India and Pakistan). Integration of Princely States: Approximately 600 princely states had to choose between India, Pakistan, or independence. Key figures: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon. Instrument of Accession: Document requiring princely states to transfer control of defense, external affairs, and communication to the Government of India. Resisting States: Hyderabad, Kashmir, and Junagarh were integrated through conciliation and military intervention. European Enclaves: French territories (Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Yanam - 1954) and Portuguese territories (Goa, Daman, Diu - 1961) were integrated. Constitution and First General Election: Constituent Assembly: Formed in 1946, chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, drafted the Constitution. Constitution Enactment: Came into effect on January 26, 1950, declaring India a Republic. First General Election: Held in 1951-1952, a success for Indian democracy. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Key figure in drafting the Constitution. Linguistic Reorganization of States: Demand for Linguistic States: Grew after independence due to diverse languages in princely states. Potti Sriramalu: Freedom fighter whose fast unto death led to the formation of Andhra Pradesh (1953) for Telugu speakers. States Reorganisation Commission (1953): Chaired by Fazl Ali, with H.N. Kunzru and K.M. Panikkar as members. States Reorganisation Act (1956): Formed 14 states and 6 union territories based on linguistic lines. Economic Progress Mixed Economy: Adopted qualities of both capitalist and socialist economies, emphasizing the Public Sector. Economic Planning: Centralized planning, inspired by the Soviet Union, was crucial. Planning Commission of India (1950): Formed under Jawaharlal Nehru, implemented Five Year Plans (started 1951) for economic growth, poverty alleviation, and industrial development. Major Projects: Bhakra Nangal Project (multipurpose dam), iron and steel industries (Bhilai, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur with foreign assistance). Rural Development: 55 projects started on October 2, 1952, for infrastructure, farming, and livestock. Economic Shift (1990s): Increased focus on the private sector. Achievements in Science and Technology Research Institutions: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Key Scientists: Homi J. Bhabha (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Indian Atomic Energy Commission), S.N. Bhatnagar. Engineering Institutes: Five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) established between 1954-1964. Space Research: Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR): Formed in 1962 by Nehru and Vikram Sarabhai. Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO): Established in 1969. First Rocket Launching Station: Thumba, near Thiruvananthapuram. First Satellite: Aryabhatta (1975). Missile Technology: Agni and Prithvi (Dr. Raja Ramanna, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam). Lunar Mission: Chandrayaan (2008). Mars Mission: Mangalyaan (India's longest space flight). Education Importance: Dr. D.S. Kothari emphasized education's role in nation-building. Commissions and Recommendations: Radhakrishnan Commission (1948): Focused on university education, professional education, women's education, and forming the UGC. Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission (1952): Focused on secondary education, three-language formula, Secondary Education Commission, multipurpose schools, teacher training. Kothari Commission (1964): Proposed 10+2+3 pattern, vocational education at secondary level, value education. National Policy on Education (1986): Aimed to prepare India for the new millennium. Focus on primary and continuing education. Operation Blackboard Program for universal primary education and infrastructure. Navodaya Vidyalayas in every district. Encouraging girls' education. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: First education minister, instrumental in national education policy. His birthday (Nov 11) is National Education Day. Right to Education Act (2009): Made education a fundamental right. Samagra Sikhsha Abhiyan (2018): Merged Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan. Cultural Achievements Cultural Institutions: Sangit Natak Akademi: Promotes dance, drama, music (New Delhi). Lalit Kala Akademi: Promotes Indian arts (New Delhi). Sahitya Akademi: Promotes literature in Indian languages (New Delhi). National School of Drama: Conducts national drama festivals (New Delhi). National Book Trust of India: Makes books affordable, encourages reading, promotes Indian books (New Delhi). Centre for Cultural Resource and Training (1979): Integrates education with culture, organizes cultural exchange programs. Foreign Policy Jawaharlal Nehru: Chief architect of India's foreign policy, emphasizing peaceful coexistence. Main Principles: Resistance to colonialism and imperialism. Hostility to racism. Trust in the United Nations Organization. Peaceful co-existence. Panchsheel principles. Emphasis on necessity of foreign assistance. Policy of Non-alignment. Panchsheel Principles (1954): Agreement between India (Nehru) and China (Chou En-lai). Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty. Mutual non-aggression. Mutual non-interference in internal affairs. Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit. Peaceful co-existence. Non-Aligned Movement: India, led by Nehru, avoided aligning with either power bloc during the Cold War. Kerala Towards Modernity Arrival of Europeans & Early Resistances European Entry: Portuguese (Vasco de Gama, 1498), Dutch, English, French came for trade (especially black pepper). Portuguese Resistance: Zamorin of Kozhikode and his navy (Kunhali Marakkar) resisted Portuguese. Portuguese allied with Kochi. Dutch Dominance: Expelled Portuguese in 1663. Battle of Colachel (1741): Marthanda Varma of Travancore defeated the Dutch with British help, ending Dutch influence. British Dominance: Defeated French in Carnatic Wars, gained trade monopoly in South India. English East India Company in Kerala: Captain William Keeling signed trade agreement with Zamorin (1615). Warehouses at Vizhinjam, Thalassery, Anchuthengu. Fort at Anchuthengu with permission from Queen of Attingal. Attingal Revolt (1721): Natives killed 150 Englishmen, considered the first organized revolt against the British in Kerala. British Control over Kerala: Malabar: Came under direct British control after Sreeranga Pattanam Treaty (1792) with Mysore rulers. Kochi: Accepted British supremacy and paid tribute (1792). Travancore: Admitted British dominance, received protection (Treaty of 1795). Early Resistances against British Interference: Pazhassi Revolts: Keralavarma Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam royal family resisted British tax claims and control over Wayanad. Led guerrilla warfare with tribal support. Died on November 30, 1805. Veluthampi Dalawa (Travancore) & Paliathachan (Kochi): Reacted against British intervention. Veluthampi's Kundara Proclamation (January 11, 1809) called for armed fight. Both were eventually subdued. Economic Changes under British Rule World Market Integration: Kerala became part of the world market, with British gaining access to cheap goods and selling industrial products at high prices. Trade Infrastructure: Unified coinage, metrology, roads, bridges, railways (first line: Beypore to Tirur, 1861), and developed ports (Kochi, Kozhikode, Alappuzha). Changes in Land Relations: Local chieftains and landlords became land owners, collecting excessive taxes from tenants. Malabar Tenants' Act (1929): Granted limited rights to tenants in Malabar, based on the Logan Commission report regarding Mappila uprisings. Travancore: Marthanda Varma converted 'madambis' land to 'pandaramvaka'. 'Pandarappatta Vilambaram' (1865) granted tenants ownership. 'Janmi-Kudian Act' (1896) further granted land ownership but imposed heavy taxes. Kochi: Tenancy Act (Kudiyaima Niyamam) in 1914. Commercialization of Agriculture: Increased cultivation of cash crops (coffee, tea, cardamom) in hilly areas for foreign markets. Decline in paddy production led to food shortage, promoting tapioca cultivation. Conolly's Plot: Teak plantation started in Nilambur (1823-38) by H.V. Conolly. Growth of Plantation and Traditional Industries: British established plantations and processing units (tea, coffee, rubber). Traditional industries: coconut, coir (James Dara, Alappuzha, 1859), cashewnut (Kollam), handloom (Kannur, Kozhikode), beedi (Kannur), tile (Faroke, Kollam, Olloor). Rise of Modern Industries: Mainly in Travancore and Kochi, with British technical/financial support. Pallivasal Hydro Electric Project: Boosted industrial development. Examples: Punalur Paper Mills, FACT Kalamassery, Kundara Ceramics, Rubber Works, Tata Oil Mills, Alagappa Textile Mill. Banking: Nedungadi Bank (first private), Imperial Bank, Indian National Bank, Chartered Bank. British Influence on Culture & Social Reforms Printing: Jesuit missionaries initiated dictionaries and grammar texts (Dr. Angelos Francis - Malayalam grammar, Arnos Pathiri - Malayalam dictionary). 'Samkshepavedartham' - first book in Malayalam. Benjamin Beyli, Dr. Herman Gundert published English-Malayalam dictionaries. Herman Gundert also started first Malayalam newspapers ('Rajyasamacharam', 'Pashchimodayam'). Education: Missionaries' educational programs promoted education for all. Rulers of Kochi and Travancore supported. Gauri Parvathy Bhai (Travancore) issued Proclamation of Free Primary Education (1817). Law and Justice: British reformed the punitive measures, establishing equality before law and trial courts. Health: Modern medicine gained importance. Smallpox vaccination introduced in Malabar. Government hospitals established. Succession System: Revolt against 'marumakkathayam' (matrilineal system) led to acts promoting patrilineal inheritance, causing decline of joint families ('Tharavadu'). Swami Vivekananda: Described Kerala as a "lunatic asylum" due to severe caste discrimination (1897). Social Reform Movements and Social Changes Motivations: Modern education and Western ideologies exposed the flaws in caste system and superstitions. Key Reformers and Organizations: Vaikunda Swamikal - Samathwasamajam Chattambi Swamikal - Protested against joint family, 'sambadham', 'Marumakkathayam' Sri Narayana Guru - Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP) Kuriakose Elias Chavara - Established educational institutions and orphanages Ayyankali - Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham Vakkom Abdulkhader Maulavi - Thiruvithamkur Muslim Mahajanasabha Vaghbhadanandhan - Admavidhyasangham Sahodaran Ayyapan - Sahodaraprasthanam Pandit K P Karuppan - Araya Samajam Mannathu Padmanabhan - Nair Service Society V T Bhattathiripad - Yogakshemasabha Kumara Gurudevan - Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha Major Struggles: Channar Revolt: Women of Southern Travancore fought for the right to cover their upper body. Uthram Thirunal Maharaja permitted (1859). Aruvippuram Consecration (1888): Sri Narayana Guru consecrated Shiva idol, allowing lower castes to perform poojas. Emphasized "enlighten through education and strengthen by union." Vaikom Satyagraha (1924): Led by T.K. Madhavan, supported by Mannath Padmanabhan's 'Savarna Jatha', for right to use temple roads. Guruvayoor Satyagraha (1931): Led by K. Kelappan, with A.K. Gopalan as volunteer captain, for temple entry for all Hindus. Temple Entry Proclamation (1936): Issued in Travancore, later in Madras and Kochi, granting all castes access to temples. National Movement in Kerala Lack of Uniformity: Due to administrative divisions (British-ruled Malabar, princely states of Kochi and Travancore). Malabar: Malabar District Congress (1916): First conference at Palakkad, chaired by Annie Besant. Manjeri Political Conference (1920): Discussed reforms, tenant issues, Khilafat. Khilafat Movement (1920): Gandhiji and Shoukath Ali visited Calicut. Led by Kattilasseri Mohamed Moulavi and Mohammed Abdurahiman Sahib. Malabar Rebellion (1921): Mappila peasants fought British in Eranad, Valluvanad, Ponnani. Battle of Pookkottoor was a key event. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930s): Salt law broken at Payyannur (K. Kelappan) and Kozhikode (Mohammed Abdu Rahiman). Communist Party of India (1939): Reorganized from Congress Socialist Party. Leaders: E.M.S. Namboothiripad, A.K. Gopalan, P. Krishna Pillai. Organized peasants against Janmi system and British imperialism (Kayyoor, Morazha, Karivellur). Quit India Movement: Destruction of government property. Kizhariyur bomb case (conspiracy to destroy Feroke bridge). Chettoor Sankaran Nair: Only Malayalee Congress President (1897). Resigned from Viceroy's Executive Council after Jalianwala Bagh Massacre. Travancore: Malayali Memorial (1891): Led by Barrister G.P. Pillai, demanded representation in government jobs. Ezhava Memorial (1896): Dr. Palpu submitted memorial for Ezhava community's problems. Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai: Deported for criticizing Dewan. Nivarthana Prakshobham (Abstention Movement, 1932): Christian, Muslim, Ezhava communities protested for reservation in government jobs. Leaders: N.V. Joseph, P.K. Kunhu, C. Keshavan. Travancore State Congress (1938): Formed with Pattom Thanu Pillai as President, boosting political activism. Punnapra-Vayalar Protest (1946): Against administrative reforms of Diwan Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, marked entry of working class into politics. Kochi: Electricity Agitation (1936): Against Diwan Shanmugam Chetty's decision to privatize electricity supply. Cochin Rajya Prajamandalam (1941): Formed under S. Neelakanda Iyer and V.R. Krishnanezhuthachan. Leaders: E. Ikkanda Warrier, Panampalli Govinda Menon, K. Ayyappan. National Movement and Women: Active participation in boycotts, picketing, anti-untouchability, Khadi promotion. First women's conference in Kerala at Vatakara (1931). Prominent leaders: A.V. Kuttimalu Amma, Akkamma Cherian, Annie Mascarene. Towards United Kerala Linguistic Basis: Congress session at Nagpur (1920) decided on linguistic State Congress Committees. First Kerala State Political Conference (1921): Held at Ottappalam, presided by Barrister T. Prakasam. Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee: United Travancore, Kochi, and Malabar regions. Payyannur Congress Conference: Chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru, demanded a distinct Kerala state. United Kerala Resolution: Passed at Thrissur (1947) and Aluva (post-independence). Thiru-Kochi State (1949): Formed by merging Travancore and Kochi. E.M.S. Namboothiripad: Advocated for a Malayalam-speaking Kerala state in 'Onnekal Kodi Malayalikal'. Formation of Kerala State (November 1, 1956): Unifying Malabar, Kochi, and Travancore based on State Reorganization Commission recommendations. Territorial Adjustments: Agastheeswaram, Thovala, Kalkulam, Vilavancode Taluks merged with Madras State. Kasaragod and Hosdurg Taluks (Southern Karnataka) became part of Kerala. The State and Political Science What is State? Definition: A group of people residing permanently within a particular territory with a sovereign government. Origin of the Term: First coined by Western philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli. Basic Factors of a State: Population: Indispensable, should live unitedly. Neither too much nor too little population is ideal. Territory: Exact territory with clear boundaries, including land, water bodies, coastal area (up to 12 nautical miles/22km as territorial waters), and aerial space. Government: Unavoidable constituent, makes/executes law, ensures justice, provides security and services. Forms can vary (monarchy, democracy). Sovereignty: Supreme authority to make independent decisions on national and international affairs without external control. Internal Sovereignty: Right to decide on matters within its territory. External Sovereignty: Right to make independent decisions on international issues. The division of sovereign power can lead to new states (e.g., South Sudan). Functions of a State Welfare of People: Primary duty (Plato, Aristotle). Obligatory Functions: Must be implemented at all times to protect life and property (e.g., maintaining law and order, providing security, administering justice, defending borders). Discretionary Functions: Implemented based on economic condition, to improve living standards (e.g., education, healthcare, social welfare, infrastructure development). Welfare State: A state that implements progressive measures to ensure the well-being of its citizens. Origin of State Theories Divine Right Theory: State is God's creation, king is God's representative. Evolutionary Theory: Most acceptable; state formed through social evolution from tribe to nation-state. Social Contract Theory: State results from a contract by people to fulfill needs. Power Theory: State formed by the strong asserting power over the weak. State and Citizen Citizenship: Full and equal membership in a nation, enabling political and civil rights. Political Rights: Right to vote, contest elections, form organizations, criticize government, hold public office. Types of Citizenship: Natural Citizenship: By birth. Acquired Citizenship: Obtained through legal procedures (e.g., Larry Baker, who received Indian citizenship in 1989). Political Science Definition: Scientific study of institutions like state and government (Aristotle). "Politics": Term derived from Greek word 'Polis' (city-state). Father of Political Science: Aristotle. Scope: Expanded from studying institutions to include political processes and participation. Branches of Study: (Diagram implies various sub-fields like political theory, public administration, international relations, comparative politics). Importance: Helps logically analyze and creatively intervene in public issues, fostering civic consciousness (Plato's view). Civic Consciousness Importance of Civic Consciousness Definition: Recognition that each citizen is for society, and society's interests are the citizen's interests. Willingness to work for society. Impact: Influences progress of state and society. Absence leads to selfishness, lack of peace/security. Collective Action: Essential for solving societal problems (e.g., water scarcity, environmental pollution, corruption, natural disasters). Welfare & Reconstruction: Crucial for ensuring welfare and rebuilding society (e.g., Kerala floods 2018). Factors Determining Civic Consciousness Family Education Social system Associations Political system Negative and challenging situations can also mold strong civic consciousness. Methods to Foster Civic Consciousness Family: Teaches respect for elders, social service, responsibility. Fosters the concept of "each individual for the family and the family for the society." Education: Equips individuals with knowledge, values, tolerance, leadership, scientific temper. Instills civic consciousness through value-oriented approach. Associations: Political, social, economic, cultural groups equip individuals with voluntary service mindset (e.g., environmental protection, human rights, charity). Media: Influences through news and objective information, leading to creative ideas. Media should be independent and impartial. Democratic System: Basis for developing civic consciousness. Promotes cooperation, protection of freedom/equality/rights, and belief in rule of law. Familiarization of Role Models: Personalities (e.g., A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Mother Teresa, Mayilamma, Dasaradh Manchi) who exhibited humanity, love, and duty consciousness. Civic Consciousness and Morality Gandhiji's View on Morality: "Politics without principles, Wealth without work, Science without humanity, Commerce without morality, Education without character, Worship without sacrifice, Pleasure without conscience" are dangerous. Morality: Ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues, and perform duties responsibly. Essential for civic consciousness. Activities Reflecting Civic Consciousness: Obeying traffic rules, protecting historical monuments/nature, respecting aged, organ donation, blood donation, participation in voluntary organizations (SPC, NCC, Scouts), keeping public places clean, giving first aid, helping disabled. Challenges to Civic Consciousness Main Challenge: Selfish mindset, prioritizing personal interest over public interest. Overcoming Challenges: Critical self-evaluation, working for personal interest without harming public interest, being the change one expects, balancing rights and duties, acting democratically and tolerably. Social Science Learning and Civic Consciousness Equips individuals to respect diversity and tolerate differences. Helps understand political, social, economic, environmental problems. Enables suggesting comprehensive solutions. Disseminates messages of peace and cooperation. Makes individuals civic conscious and action-oriented by presenting ideal models. Sociology: What? Why? Creative Writing vs. Study of Sociology Creative Writing: Based on imagination, depicts social events aesthetically, aims for appreciation. Study of Sociology: Analyzes social issues scientifically, based on cause-effect relationships, objectively analyzes society. The World of Social Sciences Includes History, Geography, Economics, Political Science, Anthropology, Psychology. Each branch studies a particular facet of society. Sociology: Distinct subject for comprehensive study of the relation between man and his social environment. Early Social Science Thinkers & Origin of Sociology Background: Emerged in Western Europe due to Renaissance (scientific revolution), French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution. Auguste Comte: French thinker, regarded as the father of sociology. Herbert Spencer: Applied Darwin's theory of evolution to society. Other Contributors: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber. Sociology in India Started in early 20th century, first department at University of Bombay. Key Indian Sociologists: G.S. Ghurye, A.R. Desai, S.C. Dube, M.N. Srinivas, D.P. Mukharjee. What is Sociology? Definition: The scientific study of the social aspects of human life. Studies human life, mutual relationship between man and environment. Considered a comprehensive study of society. Why Study Sociology? Formulates right perspective of society. Provides objective knowledge of one's own and other societies. Explains relation between individual and social institutions. Studies social problems precisely and helps find solutions. Benefits social planning and development. Guides social welfare by studying backward, exploited, and discriminated sections. Areas in Sociology Social institutions Social groups Social relations Socialization Social control Communities Social changes Social problems (unemployment, communal conflicts, poverty). Methods of Study in Sociology Social Survey: Most suitable for sociology, collects data from a selected group (sample survey). Uses questionnaires. Questionnaire: Set of questions to collect data from respondents. Interview: Oral method to collect information (talk between interviewer and interviewee). Helps analyze attitudes, views, beliefs, habits. Observation: Basic scientific method, records what is seen, heard, experienced truthfully. Participant Observation: Researcher directly participates in the group under study (also called field work, used by anthropologists). Non-Participant Observation: Researcher observes from outside without participating. Case Study: In-depth study of rare and different social phenomena/problems (a "case"). Practical Applications of Sociology Effective in day-to-day affairs of society. Needed in administration, planning, commerce, town planning, advertisements, media, and educational activities. Provides fundamental understanding of social life, broadening perspectives.