Biology for Engineers QPs

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May 2025 - Part A (2 Marks Each) Bioinspired Design: Burdock plant burrs. Explain Velcro's working mechanism (hooks and loops). Bioinspired Designs from Marine Species: Biology to Design: Shark skin (riblets) for drag reduction in swimsuits/aircraft. Design to Biology: Sonar (from bats/dolphins) used to study marine life. Compare Carbohydrates & Proteins: Carbohydrates: Structural (cellulose in plants), Storage (starch in plants, glycogen in animals). Proteins: Structural (collagen, keratin), Storage (ovalbumin in eggs, casein in milk). Cellular Component for Movement/Transport: Component: Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments). Actions: Intracellular transport (vesicle movement along microtubules), cell motility (amoeboid movement, muscle contraction). Alternative Green Initiative to Store Data: Suggestion: DNA data storage. Justification: High density, longevity, low energy consumption compared to traditional methods. Bioinspired Optimization Technique: Technique: Genetic Algorithms (inspired by natural selection). Applications: Engineering design optimization (e.g., airfoil shape, circuit design, scheduling). Cardiovascular Engineering Equipment: Equipment Example: ECG (Electrocardiogram). Working Model/Utilization: Measures electrical activity of the heart, diagnosing arrhythmias, heart attacks. Engineering principle: Electrical signal detection and amplification. Organ Systems for Waste Removal (Dialysis, Air Purifier, Solid Excretion): Dialysis inspiration: Kidneys (filtration of blood, waste removal, fluid balance). Air purifier inspiration: Respiratory system/lungs (gas exchange, particulate trapping by cilia/mucus). Solid excretion inspiration: Digestive system/large intestine (water absorption, waste compaction and elimination). Steps in 3D Bioprinting for Knee Joint Bone: Imaging (CT/MRI) to create 3D model. Design of scaffold and cell distribution. Bioink preparation (cells, growth factors, biomaterials). Bioprinting layer-by-layer. Maturation/bioreactor culture. Implantation. Safety Processing & Disposal of Biomedical Wastes: Options: Segregation, sterilization (autoclaving), incineration, chemical disinfection, secure landfill. May 2025 - Part B (15 Marks Each) Bio-inspired Engineering Applications from Insects and Birds: a) Mosquito eye: Anti-reflective coatings for solar panels, optical lenses. b) Desert beetle: Water harvesting surfaces (alternating hydrophilic/hydrophobic regions) for fog collection. c) Slug slime: Bio-adhesives for wet environments, surgical glues, anti-fouling coatings. d) Kingfisher beak: High-speed train (Shinkansen) nose cone design for reduced noise and drag. e) Butterfly wings: Structural coloration for paints, displays, sensors (no pigments, just light interference). Nature's Suggestions for Air and Water Pollution Control: a) Air pollution control (biological macromolecules): Bioinspiration: Enzymes (e.g., from bacteria) that can break down pollutants. Technique: Biocatalytic filters using immobilized enzymes to degrade VOCs, NOx, SOx. Working: Enzymes specifically bind and transform pollutants into less harmful substances. b) Water purification (microorganisms): Bioinspiration: Microbial bioremediation (bacteria/fungi degrading contaminants). Technique: Constructed wetlands, bioreactors using microbial consortia. Working: Microbes metabolize organic pollutants, heavy metals, or nitrates/phosphates, converting them to less toxic forms or sequestering them. Tunnel Construction Alternative (Inspired by Biology): Alternative Solution: Bio-inspired self-healing concrete. Engineering Approach: Incorporating bacteria (e.g., Bacillus species) and calcium lactate (nutrient) into concrete. Pros: Increased durability, reduced maintenance, extended lifespan, ecological benefits. Cons: Cost, specific environmental conditions for bacterial activity, long-term effectiveness. Biological Concept: Bacterial biomineralization (bacteria convert calcium lactate to calcium carbonate, filling cracks). Bio-inspired Robots in Agriculture: Bio-inspired Inspiration: Insects (e.g., ants, bees) for swarm intelligence, small size, maneuverability, and sensory capabilities. Ideal Characteristic Features: Small/lightweight: Minimize soil compaction. Autonomous/Swarm intelligence: Coordinate tasks efficiently (e.g., distributed sensing, localized treatment). Energy efficient: Battery-powered, solar charging. Sensors: Hyperspectral imaging (crop health), chemical sensors (soil nutrients, disease detection), LiDAR (mapping). Locomotion: Legged (uneven terrain) or wheeled. Modularity: Adaptable for different tasks (spraying, planting, monitoring). a) Natural vs. Artificial Breathing: Natural Breathing (Negative Pressure): Mechanism: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding thoracic cavity, decreasing intra-thoracic pressure. Air flows in due to pressure gradient. Expiration is largely passive. Control: Medulla oblongata in brainstem, chemoreceptors (CO2, O2, pH). Artificial Ventilation (Positive Pressure): Mechanism: Mechanical ventilator pushes air into lungs, increasing intra-thoracic pressure. Passive expiration. Control: Machine-controlled parameters (volume, pressure, rate). b) Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport/Exchange by Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin Structure: Four heme groups, each binding one O2 molecule. Oxygen Transport: In lungs, high PO2, hemoglobin binds O2 (forms oxyhemoglobin). In tissues, low PO2, hemoglobin releases O2. CO2 Transport: Small amount binds to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin). Majority transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma, with an indirect role for hemoglobin in buffering. Exchange: Occurs in capillaries via diffusion down concentration gradients. Normal Physiology vs. Artificially Engineered Systems for Dynamic Movements (Neural Network & Muscular System vs. Bionics/Prosthetics): Normal Physiology: Neural Network: Brain sends electrical signals via motor neurons to muscles. Muscular System: Muscles contract/relax in response to nerve impulses, generating force and movement. Proprioceptors provide feedback. Coordination: Complex interplay of sensory feedback, motor planning, and execution for smooth, adaptive movements. Artificially Engineered Systems (Bionics/Prosthetics): Sensors: Myoelectric sensors (detect muscle signals), pressure sensors, accelerometers. Control System: Microprocessors interpret sensor data and user intentions. Actuators: Motors (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic) drive prosthetic joints. Feedback: Limited, often visual or haptic. Working Mechanism: User's residual limb muscle contractions (or brain signals via neural interfaces) are detected, processed, and translated into prosthetic movements. Aims to mimic natural kinematics and force generation. May 2025 - Part C (20 Marks) Biosensors and Biorobotics for Landslide Rescue and Rehabilitation: Rescue Operations: Biosensors: Type: Olfactory biosensors (E-nose). Engineering Design: Array of chemical sensors (e.g., polymer, metal oxide), pattern recognition algorithms. Working Principle: Detects volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by human bodies (alive or deceased), even under debris. Biorobotics: Model: Snake-like robots, insect-inspired multi-legged robots. Engineering Design: Segmented body with multiple actuators, flexible materials, robust sensors (visual, thermal, acoustic). Working Principle: Navigate confined spaces, identify survivors (thermal imaging, audio), deliver supplies, map disaster zones. Rehabilitation of Injured Patients: Biosensors: Type: Wearable physiological sensors (ECG, EMG, glucose sensors). Engineering Design: Flexible electronics, wireless communication, real-time data processing. Working Principle: Monitor vital signs, muscle activity for physiotherapy, blood glucose for diabetics, providing objective data for personalized recovery plans. Biorobotics: Model: Exoskeletons, prosthetic limbs with advanced control. Engineering Design: Lightweight frames, powerful actuators, sophisticated control algorithms based on neural interfaces or myoelectric signals. Working Principle: Assist patients with mobility (exoskeletons for paralysis), replace lost limbs (prosthetics), facilitate rehabilitation exercises with controlled resistance and feedback. May 2024 - Part A (2 Marks Each) Super-adhesive Inspiration: Organism: Gecko. Biological Phenomena: Van der Waals forces via millions of tiny setae on their feet. Biomimetic Suit for Scuba Divers: Organism: Shark. Characteristics: Dermal denticles (riblets) reduce drag, increasing swimming efficiency. Water Molecules Eliminated (Peptide Chain): Peptide Chain: ASP-ALA-HIS-LEU-VAL-TYR-GLN-GLU (8 amino acids). Eliminated Water: $8 - 1 = 7$ water molecules. Reason: Formation of 7 peptide bonds, each releasing one water molecule. Strategy to Improve Enzymatic Kit for Mercury: Strategy: Increase enzyme concentration or use an enzyme with higher catalytic efficiency (higher turnover number). Reason: To speed up the reaction rate between the enzyme and mercury, leading to faster detection. Encrypt Binary Code to DNA Sequence: Binary Code: 101101111001110001 Strategy: Map binary pairs to DNA bases (e.g., $00 \to A, 01 \to T, 10 \to C, 11 \to G$). Example Encryption: $10 \to C$ $11 \to G$ $01 \to T$ $11 \to G$ $10 \to C$ $01 \to T$ $00 \to A$ $11 \to G$ $10 \to C$ $00 \to A$ (assuming padding if needed) Result: CGTGC TAGCA (example, mapping can vary) Materials to Mimic Human Muscles: Materials: Electroactive polymers (EAPs), shape memory alloys (SMAs), hydrogels, carbon nanotubes. Technique for Optimal Model Selection (Car Company): Technique: Genetic Algorithms (GA) or Evolutionary Algorithms. Principles: Selection, crossover, mutation to evolve optimal designs based on fitness criteria (fuel efficiency, speed). Technologies to Overcome Drug Testing Limitations: Technologies: Organ-on-a-chip, 3D bioprinted tissues/organs, computational modeling/simulations (in silico trials). Bionic Device for Sensing Poisonous Gases: Device: E-nose (Electronic Nose) or Olfactory biosensor. Precautions in Labs with Harmful Bacteria: Precautions: Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) like lab coats, gloves, masks; working in biosafety cabinets (BSCs); proper waste disposal; sterilization of equipment. May 2024 - Part B (15 Marks Each) Technology Inspired by Organisms: a) Moth eye: Technology: Anti-reflective coatings. Working Principle: Sub-wavelength nanostructures on the moth eye surface reduce light reflection and glare. Analogy: Used in solar panels, optical lenses, display screens to maximize light transmission and reduce reflections. b) Proboscis of mosquito: Technology: Painless needles/micro-needles. Working Principle: Mosquito proboscis has serrated edges and vibrates, reducing insertion force and pain. Analogy: Micro-needles with similar designs for drug delivery, blood sampling, causing less pain. c) Desert beetle: Technology: Water harvesting surfaces. Working Principle: Alternating hydrophilic (water-attracting) bumps and hydrophobic (water-repelling) troughs on its back collect water from fog. Analogy: Surfaces designed for dew collection, self-cleaning windows, or efficient heat exchangers. Industrial/Engineering Applications (Bio-inspired): a) Artificial Immune System (AIS): Biological System: Human immune system (self/non-self recognition, memory, learning). Principle: Anomaly detection, pattern recognition, learning from experience. Examples: Cybersecurity (intrusion detection), fault diagnosis in engineering systems, optimization. b) Genetic Algorithm (GA): Biological System: Natural selection, evolution, genetics. Principle: Iterative optimization process involving selection, crossover, mutation. Examples: Engineering design optimization, scheduling problems, machine learning. c) Muscular biopolymers: Biological System: Muscle contraction (proteins like actin and myosin). Principle: Conversion of chemical energy into mechanical work, self-healing, flexibility. Examples: Soft robotics, artificial muscles (e.g., using electroactive polymers), self-healing materials. Camouflage Suits for Military (Bio-inspired): Biological Inspiration: Chameleons, cuttlefish, octopuses (rapid color change, texture mimicry). Working Principle: Active Camouflage: Use of electrochromic or thermochromic materials that can change color and pattern in real-time to match the environment. Sensors detect ambient light and texture, and a control system adjusts the suit's appearance. Passive Camouflage: Mimicking patterns and textures of specific environments (e.g., fractal patterns, disruptive coloration) using advanced textile engineering. Efficiency of Respiratory System & Engineering Application: Efficiency of Respiratory System: "Smart" Design: Highly branched structure (bronchial tree, alveoli) for large surface area. Regulation: Autonomic control by brainstem (medulla, pons) adjusts breathing rate and depth based on CO2, O2, pH levels. Localized Control: Perfusion-ventilation matching (blood flow to alveoli matches air supply). Hemoglobin: Efficient O2 transport and CO2 removal. Engineering Application: Area: Advanced cooling systems for electronics or data centers. Why useful: A system that can dynamically adjust coolant flow and heat dissipation based on the thermal needs of individual components, similar to how blood flow is regulated to active organs, would be highly efficient. Biomolecules for Data Storage: Class of Molecules: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). Rationale: High Density: Each nucleotide can store 2 bits of information. Longevity: DNA is stable for thousands of years under proper conditions. Compactness: Extremely small, allowing vast amounts of data in tiny volumes. Readability: Existing sequencing technologies can read the data. Steps Involved: Encoding: Convert digital data (binary) into a DNA sequence (e.g., $A=00, T=01, G=10, C=11$). Synthesis: Chemically synthesize the DNA strands corresponding to the encoded data. Storage: Store the DNA (e.g., dehydrated, encapsulated). Decoding (Retrieval): Sequence the DNA to read the nucleotide sequence. Translation: Convert the DNA sequence back into digital data. Analogy between ANN and BNN (Nervous System): Organization/Operation Analogy: Neurons (BNN) vs. Nodes/Perceptrons (ANN): Basic processing units. Synapses (BNN) vs. Weights (ANN): Connections between units, strength determines signal transmission. Dendrites (BNN) vs. Inputs (ANN): Receive signals. Axon (BNN) vs. Output (ANN): Transmit processed signals. Learning (BNN): Synaptic plasticity (strengthening/weakening connections). Learning (ANN): Weight adjustment through training algorithms (e.g., backpropagation). Characteristics of ANN related to BNN: Parallel Processing: Both process information simultaneously across many units. Adaptability/Learning: Both can learn from data and adjust their responses. Fault Tolerance: Can still function even with damage to some units. Examples of Devices/Technologies using ANN: Image/Speech Recognition (e.g., facial recognition, voice assistants). Self-driving cars (object detection, decision making). May 2024 - Part C (20 Marks) Bioinspired Building Features: a) Moisture and dirt resistant, self-cleaning walls: Bioinspiration: Lotus leaf effect (superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning). Incorporation: Nanostructured surfaces (e.g., using titanium dioxide or fluoropolymers) that create a high contact angle for water, causing dirt particles to be picked up and rolled off by water droplets. b) Ability to repair occasional cracks on its own: Bioinspiration: Bone healing, blood clotting, self-healing plants. Incorporation: Self-healing concrete containing encapsulated bacteria and nutrients (e.g., calcium lactate) or polymer capsules that release healing agents when a crack occurs. c) Rooms maintained at specific temperature and humidity: Bioinspiration: Termite mounds (passive ventilation, thermoregulation). Incorporation: Design of building ventilation systems with passive air circulation, chimney effects, and strategically placed vents to regulate airflow and temperature without active HVAC. Use of phase-change materials for thermal buffering. d) Security system to prevent entry of unauthorized personnel: Bioinspiration: Human immune system (self/non-self recognition), animal sensory systems (e.g., vision, olfaction). Incorporation: Biometric authentication (fingerprint, iris, facial recognition) for access control. Or, a distributed sensor network akin to a nervous system detecting anomalies. Nov 2024 - Part A (2 Marks Each) Sustainable Processes of Natural Ecosystems for Circular Economy: Discussion: Natural ecosystems operate in closed loops where waste from one organism is a resource for another (e.g., decomposition, nutrient cycling). This minimizes waste and maximizes resource utilization, mirroring the principles of a circular economy. Bioinspiration for Water Collection from Air in Dry Land: Concept: Desert beetle ( Stenocara gracilipes ) for fog harvesting. Explanation: Alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces on its back collect water droplets from fog, which then roll into its mouth. Biomolecule for Surgical Threads: Suggestion: Collagen or Silk Fibroin. Justification: Collagen: Excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, high tensile strength. Silk Fibroin: High mechanical strength, flexibility, biocompatibility, slow degradation rate. Components in Self-Healing Concrete: Components: Concrete matrix, encapsulated healing agents (e.g., bacteria like Bacillus species), nutrients (e.g., calcium lactate), and sometimes polymer capsules. Darwinian Evolution Principles for Antibiotic Resistance: Principles: Variation: Natural variation exists in bacterial populations (some are more resistant to antibiotics). Natural Selection: Antibiotic acts as a selective pressure, killing susceptible bacteria. Survival of the Fittest: Resistant bacteria survive and reproduce. Inheritance: Resistant genes are passed to offspring, leading to a population dominated by resistant strains. Examples of Genetic Algorithm in Optimization Problems: Engineering Design: Optimizing airfoil shapes for aircraft to reduce drag and improve lift. Logistics/Routing: Finding the most efficient delivery routes for vehicles (e.g., Traveling Salesperson Problem). Strategy for Search & Rescue Operations (Bioinspired): Strategy: Swarm Robotics. Explanation: Deploying a large number of small, autonomous robots that communicate and coordinate like ants or bees. They can collectively cover a large area, identify targets, and adapt to changing environments more effectively than a single large robot. Alternative for Traditional Cell Cultures or Animal Models for Drug Testing: Alternative: Organ-on-a-chip technology, 3D bioprinted human tissues/organs, computational modeling/simulations. Industrial Applications of E-Nose: Food Quality Control: Detecting spoilage, assessing freshness, identifying counterfeit products. Environmental Monitoring: Detecting pollutants, hazardous gases, and odors in industrial emissions. Two Applications of Bioinspiration from Muscular Biology in Biomedical Fields: Artificial Muscles: Development of electroactive polymers (EAPs) or shape memory alloys for prosthetics, soft robotics, and medical devices that mimic muscle contraction. Drug Delivery Systems: Designing smart hydrogels or biomimetic actuators that can contract or expand to release drugs in a controlled manner, inspired by muscle's responsive nature. Nov 2024 - Part B (15 Marks Each) a) Termite Mounds and Self-Ventilating Buildings: Key Features of Termite Mound Ventilation: Passive System: Utilizes convection currents, wind pressure, and solar radiation. Chimney Effect: Hot air rises through central chimney, drawing cooler air in through peripheral tunnels. Porous Walls: Allow gas exchange. Dynamic Vents: Termites open/close vents to regulate airflow and humidity. Architectural Design/Ventilation System for Building: Design: Bioclimatic architecture. Ventilation: Stack Effect: Central atrium or solar chimney to create updraft, drawing cool air from lower vents. Double-skin facades: Create a buffer zone for thermal regulation. Strategically placed operable windows/vents: To control airflow and cross-ventilation. Porous materials: For building envelope to aid passive gas exchange. b) Biomimetic Innovation for Shock-absorbing & Vibration-dampening Systems: Biomimetic Innovation: Inspired by bone structure (e.g., cancellous bone), woodpecker skull, or mollusk shells. Structural Adaptations: Hierarchical Structures: Materials with multi-scale internal structures (e.g., porous foams within denser shells) can dissipate energy effectively. Viscoelasticity: Materials that combine elastic and viscous properties, like biological tissues, absorb impact and dampen vibrations. Application in Automotive: Car seats, bumpers, chassis components designed with cellular structures or composite materials mimicking these biological designs to absorb crash energy and reduce road vibrations. a) Bioinspired Catalyst for Laundry Stains: Bioinspired Catalyst: Enzymes (e.g., proteases for proteins, amylases for starch, lipases for grease). Working Mechanism: Enzymes are biological catalysts that specifically break down complex macromolecules (proteins, starches, lipids) into smaller, water-soluble components, making them easier to remove during washing. Advantages: High specificity, operate at lower temperatures (energy saving), environmentally friendly (biodegradable), less harsh on fabrics. b) Biosensor to Detect Genetic Disorders: Biosensor Type: DNA biosensor (e.g., electrochemical or optical). Working Principle: Recognition Element: Single-stranded DNA probe complementary to the target genetic mutation. Transducer: Converts binding event into a measurable signal (e.g., electrical current change, fluorescence). Components: Bioreceptor: Immobilized DNA probe on a surface. Detector: For electrical (electrode) or optical (photodetector) signal. Signal Processor: Amplifies and interprets the signal. Justification: DNA's specific base-pairing allows highly accurate detection of genetic sequences, making it ideal for identifying mutations associated with genetic disorders. a) Method to Treat Industrial Effluents: Method: Bioremediation/Phytoremediation using microorganisms or plants. Working Mechanism (e.g., Microbial Bioremediation): Diagram: A bioreactor or constructed wetland system. Process: Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) are introduced or naturally present in the effluent. They metabolize or transform toxic substances (e.g., dyes, heavy metals, organic pollutants) into less harmful compounds or sequester them. Advantages: Environmentally friendly, cost-effective for large volumes, can degrade a wide range of pollutants. Disadvantages: Slower than chemical methods, effectiveness depends on microbial activity and pollutant type, may require specific environmental conditions. b) Biomolecule for Data Storage: Choice: DNA. Justification: High information density, exceptional longevity, chemical stability, and robustness. Workflow (Storing & Retrieving): Encoding: Convert digital data (binary) into a DNA sequence using a specific mapping algorithm. Synthesis: Chemically synthesize short DNA strands based on the encoded sequence. Storage: Store DNA in a durable, stable form (e.g., dehydrated, encapsulated, or in solution at low temperature). Sequencing: Read the stored DNA sequence using next-generation sequencing technologies. Decoding: Convert the sequenced DNA back into the original digital data. a) Evidences for Theory of Evolution: Fossil Record: Shows gradual changes in species over geological time. Comparative Anatomy: Homologous structures (similar underlying structure, different function) suggest common ancestry. Embryology: Similar developmental stages in different species. Molecular Biology: Similar DNA and protein sequences across diverse organisms. Biogeography: Distribution of species across the globe. Direct Observation: Evolution in action (e.g., antibiotic resistance). b) Organ System for Oil Pump Inspiration: Organ System: Cardiovascular system (heart as pump, blood vessels as pipes). Working Mechanism: Heart (pump): Generates pressure to circulate blood. Arteries (delivery pipes): Carry blood away from the heart, maintain pressure. Capillaries (exchange points): Deliver nutrients/oxygen. Veins (return pipes): Bring blood back to the heart. Sketch: Simple diagram of heart pumping blood through a circulatory system showing arteries, capillaries, veins. Relation to Oil Pump: The oil pump acts like the heart, pushing oil through channels (like blood vessels) to lubricate and cool engine components, ensuring proper function and preventing overheating. a) Strategy to Increase Durability of Building Sealings (Heavy Rainfall): Strategy: Bioinspired self-healing sealants/coatings. Mechanism: Inspiration: Plant cuticles, animal skin (self-repair, waterproofing). Implementation: Incorporate microcapsules containing a healing agent (e.g., polymerizable liquid) within the sealant. When a crack forms, the capsules rupture, releasing the agent which then polymerizes/cures to fill the crack and restore sealing properties. b) Algorithm Inspired by Native Immune Reactions: Algorithm: Artificial Immune System (AIS) algorithm (e.g., Clonal Selection Algorithm, Negative Selection Algorithm). Working Principle: Inspiration: Immune system's ability to distinguish self from non-self, learn, and remember pathogens. Development: Antigen/Antibody Analogy: Problem instances as "antigens," candidate solutions as "antibodies." Clonal Selection: Good solutions (antibodies) are "cloned" and mutated to explore similar solution space. Affinity Maturation: Better solutions (higher affinity) are selected and amplified. Memory Cells: Store best solutions found. Applications: Anomaly detection (e.g., fraud detection), pattern recognition, optimization, fault diagnosis. 3D Bioprinting for Organ Shortage and Animal Testing: Working Principle of 3D Bioprinting (e.g., Extrusion Bioprinting): Components: Bioprinter (robot arm, print head, XYZ stage), bioink (cells, biomaterials like hydrogels, growth factors), computer-aided design (CAD) model of the organ. Process: Layers of bioink are extruded through a nozzle, following the CAD model, to build a 3D tissue or organ structure. Cells are embedded within the hydrogel matrix, providing structural support and allowing cell viability. Alternative Solution for Healthcare: Organ Donations: 3D bioprinting can create patient-specific organs (e.g., liver, kidney, heart tissue) from their own cells, eliminating rejection issues and reducing waiting lists. Animal Testing: Bioprinted human tissues (e.g., skin, liver, heart tissues) can be used for drug screening and toxicology testing, providing more relevant human-specific data and reducing reliance on animal models. Challenges in Commercialization: Complexity: Replicating complex organ vascularization and innervation. Functionality: Ensuring bioprinted organs are fully functional and integrate with the body. Regulatory Hurdles: Safety, efficacy, and ethical considerations for clinical use. Cost & Scalability: High cost of materials and technology, challenges in mass production. Nov 2024 - Part C (20 Marks) Bioinspired Technologies: a) Artificial muscle: Bioinspiration: Human or animal skeletal muscles (contraction, elasticity, force generation). Efficiency Improvement: Development of electroactive polymers (EAPs) or shape memory alloys (SMAs) that contract or expand in response to electrical or thermal stimuli, mimicking muscle action. This allows for lightweight, flexible, and energy-efficient actuators in robotics, prosthetics, and medical devices, surpassing traditional motors in certain applications. b) Velcro: Bioinspiration: Burdock plant burrs (hooks and loops). Efficiency Improvement: George de Mestral observed how burrs stuck to his dog's fur. He mimicked this "hook and loop" mechanism to create Velcro. It offers a fast, strong, and reusable fastening solution, superior to buttons or zippers in many applications for ease of use and versatility. c) Water-proof paints: Bioinspiration: Lotus leaf effect (superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning). Efficiency Improvement: Paints incorporating nanoparticles to create a rough, hydrophobic surface, similar to the lotus leaf. This increases water contact angle, causing water to bead up and roll off, carrying dirt particles. This improves durability, reduces maintenance, and provides self-cleaning properties for surfaces. d) Painless needles: Bioinspiration: Mosquito proboscis (serrated edges, vibration, small diameter). Efficiency Improvement: Designing microneedles with serrated or very fine tips that vibrate upon insertion, reducing the force required and minimizing nerve stimulation. This significantly reduces pain and tissue damage during injections or blood sampling, improving patient comfort and compliance. Feb 2023 - Part A (2 Marks Each) Shark Skin for Biomimicry Applications: Applications: Anti-fouling coatings for ship hulls, medical implants, and pipes; drag-reducing swimsuits; antibacterial surfaces in hospitals. Abdominal Discomfort from Dairy Products: Reason: Lactose intolerance (lack of lactase enzyme to break down lactose in dairy). Recommendations: Avoid lactose-containing products, use lactase supplements, consume lactose-free dairy. Biological System for Selective Passage (Airport Security Analogy): Identify: Cell membrane (specifically, the selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins). Structure: (A simple sketch showing a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins, channel/carrier proteins). Technical Advice for Long-Term Storage of Military Secret Data: Advice: DNA data storage. Reason: High density, extreme longevity (thousands of years), stability, and compact size compared to electronic storage. Bio-inspired Technology for Race Car Design: Technology: Genetic Algorithms (GA). Design Step Process: Define Objectives: Maximize speed, minimize drag, optimize weight distribution. Generate Initial Population: Create many random car designs. Evaluate Fitness: Simulate performance of each design. Selection: Choose best-performing designs. Crossover: Combine features of selected designs to create new ones. Mutation: Introduce small random changes for exploration. Repeat: Iterate until optimal design is found. Ethical Dilemma of Human Embryonic Stem Cells & Alternate Sources: Ethical Dilemma: Destruction of human embryos, status of embryo as human life. Alternate Sources: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult stem cells (e.g., from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood). Latest Technology to Reduce Drug Testing Years: Technology: Organ-on-a-chip, 3D bioprinted human tissues/organs. Advantages: Faster screening, human-specific responses, reduced animal testing, lower cost, personalized medicine potential. Machines Interacting with Biological Systems: Cochlear Implant: Components: External sound processor, internal implant (receiver/stimulator), electrode array inserted into cochlea. Interaction: Converts sound to electrical signals, directly stimulating auditory nerve. Prosthetic Limbs (Myoelectric): Components: Sensors on residual limb, microcontroller, motors, artificial hand/foot. Interaction: Detects muscle electrical signals (EMG), translates into prosthetic movement. Components of 'Bioink' for Printing Human Tissues/Organs: Components: Living cells (e.g., patient's own cells), biocompatible biomaterials (e.g., hydrogels like alginate, collagen, gelatin) for structural support, growth factors, and other extracellular matrix components. Precautions in Microbiology Lab with Pathogenic E. coli: Precautions: Work in Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) or BSL-3 lab, use Biosafety Cabinet (BSC), wear appropriate PPE (lab coat, gloves, eye protection), proper disinfection of surfaces, autoclave waste, follow sterile techniques. Feb 2023 - Part B (15 Marks Each) a) Bioinspired Technology for Anti-UV, Dust, Microbial Colonization: Bioinspired Technology: Lotus leaf effect (superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning). Concept: The rough, hydrophobic surface of the lotus leaf prevents water, dust, and microbial spores from adhering. Water droplets roll off, picking up contaminants. This principle is applied in paints and coatings to create self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and UV-resistant surfaces. b) Bioinspired Principle for Cooling Buildings: Bioinspired Principle: Termite mound ventilation (passive cooling, natural convection). Involvement: Design buildings with natural ventilation systems, such as solar chimneys, wind catchers, and strategically placed vents to create airflow and dissipate heat without relying on energy-intensive air conditioning. c) Engineering Application from Woodpecker's Head: Proposed Technology: Advanced helmet design (e.g., for sports, military, construction) or shock-absorbing systems for sensitive equipment. Features Used: Elastic Beak: Incorporate materials with graded stiffness to absorb initial impact. Cerebrospinal Fluid for Brain Cushioning: Use viscoelastic fluid layers in helmets to dissipate energy and distribute forces. Spongy Bone Material: Design helmet liners with hierarchical porous structures (like cancellous bone) to absorb and distribute impact forces effectively. a) Self-Healing Concrete Crack Repair: Mechanism of Action: Principle Involved: Biomineralization by bacteria. Process: Microcapsules containing dormant bacteria (e.g., Bacillus species) and a nutrient (e.g., calcium lactate) are embedded in the concrete. When a crack forms, it ruptures the capsules, exposing the bacteria and nutrient to water/oxygen. The bacteria then metabolize the nutrient, producing calcium carbonate which precipitates and fills the crack, sealing it. b) Industrial Applications of Biomolecules: (i) Carbohydrate: Biofuels: Ethanol production from starch/cellulose. Bioplastics: Polylactic acid (PLA) from corn starch. (ii) Lipid: Biodiesel: Production from vegetable oils or animal fats. Lubricants: Bio-based lubricants from plant oils. Knapsack Problem (Survival Kit): Problem Type: 0/1 Knapsack Problem (a classic optimization problem). Solution Approach: Dynamic programming or greedy algorithm (though greedy isn't always optimal for 0/1 knapsack, it's a common heuristic). Calculation (using a greedy approach based on survival points/kg, or dynamic programming for optimal): Item Weight (kg) Survival Point Points/kg Glucose 20 17 0.85 Rope 10 10 1.00 Sleeping bag 15 15 1.00 Emergency light 5 8 1.60 Knife 2 12 6.00 Medicines 10 10 1.00 Greedy Strategy (by Points/kg, descending): Knife: 2kg, 12 pts (Remaining: 33kg) Emergency light: 5kg, 8 pts (Remaining: 28kg) Rope: 10kg, 10 pts (Remaining: 18kg) Medicines: 10kg, 10 pts (Remaining: 8kg) Sleeping bag: Cannot take fully (15kg). Take 8kg portion? (If items are divisible, otherwise skip). If not divisible, then skip sleeping bag and glucose. If items are indivisible (0/1 Knapsack): A dynamic programming approach is needed for guaranteed optimal solution, which is complex to present here. A common heuristic would be: Knife (2kg, 12pt) Emergency light (5kg, 8pt) Rope (10kg, 10pt) Medicines (10kg, 10pt) Total Weight: $2+5+10+10 = 27kg$ Total Points: $12+8+10+10 = 40pts$ Remaining capacity: $35 - 27 = 8kg$. No other full item fits. Optimal subset (requires DP calculation): Knife (2kg, 12pt) Emergency light (5kg, 8pt) Sleeping bag (15kg, 15pt) Medicines (10kg, 10pt) Total Weight: $2+5+15+10 = 32kg$ Total Points: $12+8+15+10 = 45pts$ This combination provides higher points within the weight limit. Engineering Application for Blood Purification: Application: Dialysis machine (Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis). Discussion: Bioinspiration: The kidneys' function of filtering waste products, excess water, and solutes from blood. Working Principle (Hemodialysis): Blood is drawn from the patient and pumped through a dialyzer (artificial kidney). The dialyzer contains a semipermeable membrane that separates blood from a dialysis fluid. Waste products (urea, creatinine, excess salts) and water diffuse from the blood into the dialysis fluid, while essential substances are retained in the blood. The purified blood is then returned to the patient. Engineering Aspects: Pumps (blood and dialysate), semipermeable membranes, precise fluid balance control, real-time monitoring of blood chemistry and pressure, anticoagulant delivery. Technology Inspired by Human Brain/Biological Neural Networks: Technology: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Deep Learning. Discussion: Inspiration: The structure and function of the human brain's biological neural networks (BNNs), particularly how neurons process and transmit signals. Working: ANNs consist of interconnected nodes (artificial neurons) organized in layers. Each connection has a weight, analogous to synaptic strength. Input signals are processed, weighted, and passed through activation functions. The network learns by adjusting these weights during training, minimizing errors between predicted and actual outputs. Applications: Image recognition, natural language processing, speech recognition, medical diagnosis, autonomous driving, financial forecasting. a) Precautions for BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3, BSL-4: BSL-1: Basic PPE (lab coats, gloves), handwashing, no eating/drinking, standard microbiological practices. BSL-2: BSL-1 + Biosafety Cabinet (BSC) for aerosol-generating procedures, limited access, autoclave for waste. BSL-3: BSL-2 + controlled access, directional airflow, self-closing double doors, respiratory protection, medical surveillance. BSL-4: BSL-3 + maximum containment, isolated facility, full-body positive-pressure suit with external air supply, chemical shower upon exit, redundant ventilation systems. b) Biowaste Categorization and Disposal: Categorization: Infectious Waste: Cultures, sharps (needles), pathological waste, blood/body fluids. Hazardous Chemical Waste: Solvents, heavy metals. Radioactive Waste: From radioisotopes. General Waste: Non-contaminated lab waste. Disposal Procedures: Segregation: Separate waste streams at point of generation (color-coded bags/containers). Decontamination: Autoclaving (steam sterilization) for infectious waste, chemical treatment. Sharps: Puncture-proof containers. Incineration: For pathological waste, some chemical waste. Secure Landfill: For treated, non-hazardous waste. Specialized Treatment: For chemical and radioactive waste. Feb 2023 - Part C (20 Marks) Bioinspired Building Features (Engineering Expert): i. Anti-reflecting glass windows: Bioinspiration: Moth eye (nanostructured surface to reduce reflection). Incorporation: Apply thin-film coatings or create nanostructures on glass surfaces to minimize light reflection and maximize light transmission, improving energy efficiency and visibility. ii. Remove malodorous gases in the rooms: Bioinspiration: Plant leaves (absorption of pollutants), biological filtration systems (e.g., biofilters using microorganisms). Incorporation: Integrate biofilters (e.g., living walls with specific plants or microbial cultures) into ventilation systems to absorb and metabolize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other odor-causing chemicals. iii. Face recognition security system: Bioinspiration: Human visual system, brain's pattern recognition capabilities. Incorporation: Implement AI-powered facial recognition systems using deep learning neural networks. These mimic the brain's ability to process complex visual data and identify individuals based on unique facial features, enhancing security. iv. More stable building in high speed cross winds: Bioinspiration: Trees and plants (flexible structures, root systems), animal skeletons (lightweight yet strong). Incorporation: Design flexible, adaptive structures (e.g., using tensile architecture, lightweight composites) that can sway and dissipate wind energy, rather than rigidly resisting it. Deep foundation systems mimicking extensive root networks. v. Rooms maintained at specific temperature and humidity: Bioinspiration: Termite mounds (passive thermoregulation), human skin (sweating, insulation). Incorporation: Utilize passive design strategies like natural ventilation (stack effect), thermal mass materials, phase-change materials, and responsive building envelopes (e.g., biomimetic facades that open/close) to regulate temperature and humidity without active energy consumption. Dec 2023 - Part A (2 Marks Each) Peptide A vs. Peptide B (Amino Acid Replacement): Effect on 3D Structure: Replacing Glu with Val (polar/charged with nonpolar) in Peptide B will likely cause a significant change in the 3D structure. Reason: Alteration of hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions, which are crucial for protein folding and stability. Valine's nonpolar nature might lead to hydrophobic collapse or alter surface properties. Chemical Bonds/Interactions: Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds (salt bridges), hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals forces. Biomolecule for Long-Term Information Storage: Preference: DNA. Reasons: High stability, extreme density (can store vast amounts in tiny volume), longevity (persists for thousands of years), and robust error correction mechanisms. Preventing Blood from Falling Down in Veins (against gravity): Mechanism: Venous valves (one-way valves within veins) and the "skeletal muscle pump" (contraction of surrounding muscles compresses veins, pushing blood towards the heart). Self-Driving Vehicles Strategy (Bioinspired): Strategy: Swarm intelligence/collective behavior (ant colony optimization, bird flocking algorithms). Working Principle: Each vehicle acts as an autonomous agent. They communicate and coordinate locally, following simple rules (e.g., maintain safe distance, follow optimal speed, avoid collisions). This decentralized control allows for emergent complex behavior (traffic flow optimization), adapting to real-time conditions without a central controller. Role of Transducers in Biosensors: Role: Converts the biochemical signal (resulting from the biorecognition event) into a measurable electrical or optical signal. Example: In a glucose biosensor, glucose oxidase converts glucose to hydrogen peroxide, which an electrode (transducer) then converts into an electrical current. Match the following: a. Largest artery: ii. Aorta b. Mitral valve: iv. Bicuspid valve c. Sets heart rhythm: i. SA Node d. Carries blood from heart to lungs: iii. Pulmonary artery Viable Option to Restore Vision (Retinitis Pigmentosa): Option: Bionic eye (Retinal Prosthesis). Explanation: An implantable device that replaces damaged photoreceptors. An external camera captures images, which are processed and transmitted wirelessly to an electrode array implanted on the retina, stimulating remaining retinal cells to send signals to the brain. Components of Self-Healing Concrete & Spore-Forming Bacteria: Components: Concrete matrix, encapsulated bacteria (e.g., Bacillus species), and nutrients (e.g., calcium lactate). Why Spore-Forming Bacteria: Spores are dormant, highly resistant to harsh conditions (alkaline environment of concrete, lack of nutrients/water), and can remain viable for extended periods. They activate and metabolize only when cracks appear and water/oxygen become available. Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) for Biology-Based Research: PPE: Lab coat, gloves, eye protection (safety glasses/goggles), respirators/masks (if aerosols are involved). Why: To protect against chemical splashes, biological contamination, sharps injuries, and inhalation of hazardous substances, ensuring personnel safety and preventing contamination of experiments. Dec 2023 - Part B (15 Marks Each) Biofouling Prevention (Bioinspired): Technique: Mimicking shark skin (dermal denticles/riblets) or lotus leaf (superhydrophobicity). Fabrication: Creating micro- or nanostructured surfaces that are either drag-reducing (shark skin) or superhydrophobic (lotus leaf), making it difficult for microorganisms and marine organisms to adhere and form biofilms. Examples: Ship Hulls: Anti-fouling coatings reduce drag and fuel consumption. Medical Implants: Catheters, stents, and prosthetics to prevent bacterial colonization and infection. Pipes/Heat Exchangers: Reduce biofouling in water systems to maintain efficiency. a) Novel Strategy for Environmental Applications (Microorganisms): Strategy: Microbial Bioremediation/Bioconversion. Design: Bioreactor systems utilizing specific microbial consortia. Environmental Applications: Treatment of industrial wastewater containing heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, or plastics. Justification: Microorganisms possess diverse metabolic pathways to detoxify, degrade, or sequester pollutants, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution compared to chemical treatments. (e.g., Ideonella sakaiensis for PET degradation). b) Biomolecule for Biodegradable Surgical Sutures: Choice: Collagen, Silk Fibroin, or Chitin/Chitosan. Justification: Collagen: Excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability (resorbed by the body), high tensile strength, promotes tissue healing. Silk Fibroin: High mechanical strength, good flexibility, biocompatibility, controllable degradation rate. Chitin/Chitosan: Derived from crustaceans, biocompatible, biodegradable, antimicrobial properties, promotes wound healing. Biosensor Detection Limits: Sensor A (1 mM) vs. Sensor B (0.001 mM): Sensor B has a much lower detection limit, meaning it is more sensitive. Reason for Difference (Possible Modifications): Bioreceptor Affinity: Sensor B might use a recognition element (e.g., antibody, enzyme, aptamer) with higher affinity for histamine. Transducer Sensitivity: Sensor B could employ a more sensitive transducer (e.g., electrochemical transducer with amplification, optical transducer with fluorescence enhancement). Signal Amplification: Use of enzymatic cascades or nanoparticle-based signal amplification in Sensor B. Immobilization Strategy: Optimal orientation and density of the bioreceptor on the transducer surface in Sensor B. Interference Reduction: Better anti-fouling layers or interference rejection mechanisms in Sensor B. How Ideal Detection Limits are Fixed: Clinical Relevance: Detection limit must be below the clinically significant concentration of the analyte in the sample (e.g., histamine levels in anaphylaxis). Analytical Performance: Determined by the noise level of the transducer and the sensitivity of the biorecognition element. It's often defined as the analyte concentration that produces a signal distinguishable from background noise (e.g., 3 standard deviations above blank). Genetic Algorithm for Optimization: Discussion: Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are metaheuristic optimization algorithms inspired by the process of natural selection. They are used to find optimal or near-optimal solutions to optimization and search problems. Working: Initialization: A population of candidate solutions (chromosomes) is randomly generated. Fitness Evaluation: Each solution's "fitness" (how good it is) is evaluated based on the objective function. Selection: Fitter solutions are chosen to be "parents" for the next generation. Crossover (Recombination): Genetic material (parts of solutions) from two parents is combined to create "offspring." Mutation: Random changes are introduced into offspring to maintain diversity and prevent premature convergence. Replacement: The new generation replaces the old one. Iteration: Steps 2-6 are repeated until a satisfactory solution is found or a stopping criterion is met. Examples Demonstrating Applications: Supply Chain Optimization: Finding the most efficient routes and schedules for deliveries to minimize costs and time, considering multiple constraints like vehicle capacity and delivery windows. Antenna Design: Optimizing the shape, size, and material of antennas for telecommunication to achieve desired radiation patterns and impedance matching, which is often too complex for traditional analytical methods. 3D Bioprinting for Organ Fabrication & Healthcare Revolution: Technology: 3D Bioprinting. How it Revolutionizes Healthcare: Organ Donations: Patient-specific organs can be bioprinted using their own cells, eliminating the need for donors and the risk of immune rejection. This could drastically reduce organ waiting lists and save lives. Animal Testing: Bioprinted human tissues and organoids (e.g., liver, heart, brain models) provide more physiologically relevant platforms for drug discovery, toxicology testing, and disease modeling. This reduces reliance on animal models, addresses ethical concerns, and potentially accelerates drug development. Challenges in Commercialization: Vascularization & Innervation: Creating functional blood vessel networks and nerve connections within complex organs. Long-Term Viability & Function: Ensuring bioprinted organs maintain their function and integrate properly into the body over time. Regulatory Approval: Navigating complex regulatory pathways for clinical use of bioprinted organs. Cost & Scalability: High production costs and challenges in scaling up for widespread clinical use. Ethical Considerations: Debates around creating "designer" organs or sentient tissues. a) Improving Phantom Pain (Bioinspired Engineering Solutions): Solution: Targeted Reinnervation (TR) combined with advanced prosthetic limbs and haptic feedback. Working Principle: Targeted Reinnervation: Residual nerves from the amputated limb are surgically re-routed to target muscle groups in the residual limb or chest. When the patient intends to move the phantom limb, these reinnervated muscles contract, generating strong myoelectric signals. Advanced Prosthetics: Myoelectric sensors on the prosthetic detect these signals, which are then used to control the prosthetic limb's movements. Haptic Feedback: Integrating sensors in the prosthetic hand/foot that provide tactile feedback (e.g., vibration, pressure) to the reinnervated skin on the residual limb, creating a more natural sensation of touch and proprioception from the prosthetic. This feedback can help reduce the brain's "disconnection" from the missing limb, alleviating phantom pain. Disadvantages: Complex surgery, extensive rehabilitation, high cost, not all patients are suitable, feedback can be imperfect. b) Applications of Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) in Muscle Tissue Engineering: Applications: Artificial Muscles/Actuators: EAPs can mimic muscle contraction and relaxation in response to electrical stimuli. This is used in soft robotics, prosthetic devices, and micro-actuators where flexible, lightweight, and silent movement is desired. Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration: EAP scaffolds can provide mechanical and electrical cues to guide cell growth and differentiation in muscle tissue engineering, promoting the development of functional muscle tissue. Example: Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) used in soft robotic grippers or as components in prosthetic hands, providing human-like dexterity and force. Dec 2023 - Part C (20 Marks) a) Biomolecule for Big Digital Data Storage: Choice: DNA. Advantages: Extremely High Density: Unparalleled storage capacity (petabytes per gram). Longevity: Stable for thousands of years under proper conditions. Low Energy Consumption: Once synthesized, requires minimal energy for storage. Compactness: Can store immense data in tiny physical volumes. Disadvantages: Slow Write/Read Speeds: Synthesis and sequencing are currently slow compared to electronic methods. High Cost: Synthesis and sequencing are expensive. Error Rates: Chemical synthesis and sequencing can introduce errors. Random Access: Difficult to access specific data quickly without sequencing the entire strand. Methods for Encryption and Decoding: Encryption: Convert binary data into a unique DNA sequence using specific encoding rules (e.g., mapping 00, 01, 10, 11 to A, T, C, G respectively, or more complex schemes to avoid homopolymers and ensure stability). This can also involve adding error-correction codes (like Reed-Solomon) during encoding. Decoding: Sequence the DNA to read the nucleotide sequence. Then, reverse the encoding algorithm to convert the DNA sequence back into the original binary digital data. Error correction algorithms are applied during this stage to reconstruct the original data despite synthesis/sequencing errors. b) Inspiration Behind Swarm Robotics: Inspiration: Swarm intelligence (collective behavior of social insects like ants and bees). Explanation: Swarm robotics involves deploying a large number of simple, autonomous robots that interact locally with each other and their environment. There is no central control; complex collective behaviors emerge from these simple local interactions. Working Principle: Each robot follows a set of simple rules (e.g., avoid obstacles, follow a leader, communicate with neighbors). Through these local interactions, the swarm can achieve complex tasks that a single robot could not, such as collective exploration, distributed sensing, or parallel construction. Applications: Search and rescue in disaster zones (e.g., searching for survivors in collapsed buildings), environmental monitoring (e.g., mapping pollution, monitoring crops), planetary exploration, logistics and warehousing (e.g., package sorting, inventory management). c) Bioinspiration Concept for Olympian Swimsuit Designer: Concept: Shark skin (dermal denticles/riblets). Explanation: Shark skin has microscopic V-shaped grooves (riblets) that reduce drag by creating micro-vortices which keep the boundary layer of water close to the surface, reducing turbulent flow. Application: Design swimsuit fabric with a similar textured surface to reduce hydrodynamic drag, allowing the swimmer to move through water more efficiently and achieve higher speeds. Dec 2022 - Part A (2 Marks Each) Compare Bio-inspired Design and Biomimicry: Bio-inspired Design: Broader term, taking inspiration from biological systems to solve engineering problems. Can be a direct copy or abstract principles. Biomimicry: More specific, conscious emulation of nature's genius (forms, processes, ecosystems) to create sustainable solutions. Often implies deep understanding and direct replication. Example (shared): Velcro (bio-inspired by burrs, also biomimicry). Bionic Leaf with Engineered Bacterium (Feasibility): Inspection: Mr. John's plan is feasible. Feasibility: The "Bionic Leaf" technology, inspired by photosynthesis, uses a solar cell to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Engineered bacteria (e.g., Ralstonia eutropha ) then use the hydrogen, CO2, and oxygen (or other electron donors) to produce liquid fuels or other valuable chemicals (e.g., isopropanol, biomass). This mimics natural photosynthesis for energy conversion. Biomolecule from Ideonella sakaiensis for Plastic Degradation: Choice: Enzyme (specifically, PETase). Justification: Enzymes are highly specific biological catalysts that can break down complex polymers like PET into simpler monomers. PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis is specifically adapted to degrade PET plastic. Biodegradation of Contaminants by Microbial Decomposition: Possibility: Yes, it is possible. Inference: Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) possess diverse metabolic pathways to break down or transform various contaminants (e.g., hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals) into less toxic or harmless substances, often using them as a food source. This process is called bioremediation. Major Algorithms in Artificial Immune System (AIS): Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA) Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA) Immune Network Model (INM) Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) Classify and Explain Electroactive Polymer (EAP): Classification: Ionic EAPs: Require ion diffusion (e.g., Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites, Conductive Polymers, Gels). Electronic EAPs: Rely on electric field forces (e.g., Dielectric Elastomers, Piezoelectric Polymers, Electrostrictive Polymers). Explanation: EAPs are polymers that exhibit a significant change in shape or size when stimulated by an electric field. They are often called "artificial muscles" due to their ability to mimic biological muscle contraction. Demonstrate Working Principle of "Visual Prostheses": Working Principle: An external camera captures visual information, which is processed by a small computer. This processed signal is then transmitted wirelessly to an implanted device (e.g., on the retina, optic nerve, or visual cortex), which electrically stimulates remaining viable neural cells to create a perception of light and patterns in the brain. Interpret "Bio-robotics" and List Applications: Interpretation: Bio-robotics is a field that combines biology and robotics. It involves the design and construction of robots that mimic biological systems (biomimetic robots) or the use of biological components within robots (biohybrid robots). Applications: Prosthetics, surgical robots, rehabilitation robots, drug delivery systems, exploration robots (e.g., snake robots, insect-inspired robots). Summarize Major Advantages of 3D Printing: Customization/Personalization: Create complex, patient-specific designs. Complexity: Produce intricate geometries impossible with traditional manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping: Quick creation of physical models. Reduced Waste: Additive process minimizes material waste. On-demand Manufacturing: Produce parts as needed, reducing inventory. Bio-inspired Idea for Durability of Underwater Ship Hulls: Idea: Mimicking shark skin or the superhydrophobic surfaces of certain aquatic plants. Explanation: Develop anti-fouling and anti-corrosion coatings for ship hulls that feature micro- or nanostructured surfaces. These surfaces either reduce the adhesion of marine organisms (like barnacles and algae) by creating a "slippery" boundary layer (shark skin effect) or make the surface extremely water-repellent (lotus effect), preventing biofouling and reducing corrosion. Dec 2022 - Part B (15 Marks Each) Living Cell as a Cell Phone (Interpretation): Analogy: Communication: Cells communicate via signaling molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters) like cell phones transmit signals. Information Storage: DNA in the nucleus is like the phone's memory (storage of blueprints). Power Supply: Mitochondria generate ATP (energy) like a phone's battery. Manufacturing/Repair: Ribosomes synthesize proteins (build/repair) like a phone's manufacturing plant. Input/Output: Receptors on the cell membrane receive signals (input), and cellular responses (e.g., protein synthesis, movement) are output. Apps/Functions: Different organelles (ER, Golgi) perform specialized functions like apps. Biological Component for Information Storage & Technology: Biological Component: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). Technology: DNA data storage. Merits: High Density: Unmatched storage capacity ($~215$ petabytes per gram). Longevity: Extremely stable for thousands of years. Compactness: Data stored in molecular form, requiring minimal physical space. Sustainability: DNA is biodegradable and abundant. Demerits: Slow Write/Read: Synthesis and sequencing are time-consuming. High Cost: Currently expensive for large-scale data. Random Access: Difficult to retrieve specific data without sequencing large segments. Error Rates: Potential for errors during synthesis and sequencing. Innovative Technology Inspired by Self-Organization of Social Insects: Innovative Approach: Swarm Robotics / Swarm Intelligence. Explanation: Inspired by the collective behavior of social insects (e.g., ants, bees) where decentralized control leads to emergent complex behavior. A swarm of simple, autonomous robots, each following local rules and interacting with neighbors, can achieve complex tasks (e.g., exploration, construction, optimization) without a central controller. This overcomes the single point of failure inherent in centralized systems. Advantages: Robustness, fault tolerance, scalability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness (using many simple robots). Disadvantages: Design of local rules can be complex, unpredictability of emergent behavior, communication overhead. Computational Method Mimicking Human Brain Operations: Computational Method: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Deep Learning. Interpretation: ANNs are computing systems inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in the brain. They consist of interconnected nodes (neurons) organized in layers, processing information in parallel. Deep learning uses ANNs with multiple hidden layers to learn complex patterns from data. Applications: Image Recognition: Facial recognition, object detection in autonomous vehicles. Natural Language Processing: Language translation, sentiment analysis, chatbots. Speech Recognition: Voice assistants (e.g., Siri, Alexa). Medical Diagnosis: Analyzing medical images (X-rays, MRIs) for disease detection. Heuristic Search Technique Reflecting Natural Selection Theory: Technique: Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Steps Involved: Initialization: Create a population of random candidate solutions. Fitness Evaluation: Assess how well each solution solves the problem (survival of the fittest). Selection: Choose the best-performing solutions to be parents (natural selection). Crossover (Recombination): Combine genetic material from parents to create new offspring. Mutation: Introduce random changes in offspring to maintain diversity and explore new solutions. Replacement: The new generation replaces the old one. Iteration: Repeat until an optimal solution is found. Merits: Effective for complex, high-dimensional, and non-linear problems; robust to noisy data; capable of finding global optima. Demerits: Computationally expensive; convergence can be slow; parameter tuning (mutation rate, population size) can be challenging; may not guarantee global optimum. 3D Bio-printing for Evaluating New Pharmaceutical Drugs: Most Significant Application: Creation of 3D human tissue models (e.g., liver spheroids, cardiac tissue, organoids). Explanation: 3D bioprinting allows for the creation of complex, multi-cellular tissue constructs that more closely mimic the physiological environment and function of native human tissues compared to traditional 2D cell cultures. These models can be patient-specific. Advantages over Conventional Drug Testing: Human Relevance: Provides more accurate human-specific responses, reducing discrepancies between animal and human trials. Reduced Animal Testing: Decreases ethical concerns and costs associated with animal experimentation. Faster Screening: High-throughput screening of drug candidates. Personalized Medicine: Test drug efficacy and toxicity on patient-derived tissues. Disease Modeling: Create models for specific diseases to study drug effects. Disadvantages: Complexity: Replicating full organ complexity (vascularization, innervation). Validation: Ensuring bioprinted tissues accurately predict in vivo drug responses. Cost & Scalability: High cost and technical challenges for large-scale production. Dec 2022 - Part C (20 Marks) a) Bio-inspired Design for Detecting Pesticides in Water: Ideal Bio-inspired Design: Biosensor based on enzyme inhibition. Components Essentially Required: Bioreceptor: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Pesticides (e.g., organophosphates, carbamates) inhibit AChE activity. Transducer: Electrochemical transducer (e.g., screen-printed electrode). Substrate: Acetylthiocholine (ACh), which AChE breaks down to produce an electroactive product (thiocholine). Signal Processor: Potentiostat/Amperostat to measure current. Working Principle: AChE is immobilized on the electrode surface. In the absence of pesticides, AChE breaks down ACh, producing thiocholine, which is electrochemically oxidized, generating a measurable current. In the presence of pesticides, AChE activity is inhibited, leading to a decrease in thiocholine production and a corresponding decrease in the measured current. The extent of current reduction is proportional to the pesticide concentration. b) Novel Technique for Construction (Sealing & Healing, Dormant State): Novel Approach: Self-healing concrete using encapsulated bacteria. Explanation: Bioinspiration (Sealing & Healing): Inspired by biological healing processes (e.g., bone repair, blood clotting) where living organisms can self-repair damage. Bioinspiration (Dormant State): Inspired by the ability of certain microorganisms (e.g., bacteria forming spores) to survive in a dormant, resilient state under harsh conditions and reactivate when conditions are favorable. Technique: Incorporate dormant bacterial spores and a nutrient (e.g., calcium lactate) within microcapsules into the concrete mixture. When a crack forms, it ruptures the microcapsules, releasing the bacteria and nutrient. Water ingress through the crack activates the dormant spores. The bacteria then metabolize the nutrient, producing calcium carbonate ($CaCO_3$), which precipitates and fills the crack, thus sealing and healing the concrete. Limitations: Crack Size: Effective for micro-cracks; larger cracks may not heal completely. Bacterial Viability: Long-term survival of bacteria within concrete can be a challenge. Cost: Higher initial cost compared to conventional concrete. Environmental Factors: Healing efficiency can be affected by temperature, pH, and nutrient availability. May 2019 - Part A (20 Marks Each) Biosensor for Cancer Management: a) Choice of Biosensor & Biological Materials: Type of Biosensor: Electrochemical (e.g., amperometric) or Optical (e.g., fluorescence-based) biosensor. Biological Materials: Antibodies (for specific antigen detection), aptamers (synthetic DNA/RNA sequences), or DNA probes (for genetic mutations). Justification: High specificity and sensitivity of these recognition elements for cancer biomarkers. Electrochemical offers direct, real-time detection; optical offers high sensitivity. b) Modification for Impermeable Sensing Material (Intracellular Analyte): Modification: Develop a system for cell lysis (e.g., microfluidic cell lysis, sonication) or use cell-penetrating peptides to extract the intracellular analyte before detection. Alternatively, design a biosensor with a cell-surface receptor that changes conformation upon intracellular analyte binding, transducing an external signal. c) Modify Biosensor to Monitor Cancer Treatment/Progression: Modification: Design a multiplexed biosensor that simultaneously detects multiple biomarkers: Oncogene products: Detect overexpression of specific mRNA or protein products of oncogenes (e.g., HER2, BRAF). Tumor suppressor gene products: Detect mutations or reduced expression of tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, BRCA1). Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA): Detect specific mutations in ctDNA released from tumor cells. Working: The biosensor would provide a molecular profile, allowing for personalized treatment monitoring and early detection of recurrence or resistance. d) Biosensor for In Vitro Application (Protein & Enzyme): Working: Protein as Bioreceptor: A specific antibody (protein) immobilized on the sensor surface binds to a cancer-specific antigen (analyte). This binding event is then transduced into a measurable signal (e.g., electrochemical current, optical change). Enzyme as Signal Amplifier: An enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) conjugated to a secondary antibody or directly to the primary antibody. Upon binding, the enzyme catalyzes a reaction with a substrate, producing a strong, measurable signal (e.g., color change, electrochemical current), amplifying the detection. Bio-inspired Robotics: a) Actuation Unit & Other Components, Biohybrid Actuators: Other Components of Robot: Sensors: To perceive the environment (e.g., vision, touch, proprioception). Control System/Brain: To process information and make decisions. Power Source: To supply energy. End-effector: For interacting with the environment (e.g., gripper, tool). Biohybrid Actuators: Combine biological components (e.g., muscle cells, protein filaments) with artificial structures. Options include using cultured muscle tissue integrated with a synthetic scaffold, or using DNA origami motors. b) Neural Control to Actuator: Biological Concept: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) control of muscle movement (motor neurons, proprioception). Engineering Driven Solution: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for motor control. EMG (electromyography) sensors detect muscle signals from the user, which are fed into an ANN. The ANN learns to translate these signals into precise movements of the robot's actuators. c) Endocrine Linked Control System for Robot: Short Note: The endocrine system uses hormones (chemical messengers) to regulate long-term processes like growth, metabolism, and stress response. It provides slower, systemic, and distributed control compared to the nervous system. Components in Robotic System: Sensors: Environmental sensors (temperature, pressure, pH) act as endocrine glands. Control Unit: A central processing unit that simulates hormone production and release based on sensor input. Actuators/Effectors: Components that respond to "hormone" signals (e.g., shape-memory alloys for slow, adaptive changes, or material properties that change in response to chemical cues). Feedback Loops: Sensors monitor the effects and provide feedback to regulate "hormone" levels. d) Bioinspired Sensory Systems for Military Robot: Bioinspired Sensory Systems: Olfactory Sensor (E-nose): Mimics animal sense of smell to detect explosives, chemical agents, or biological threats. Working principle: Array of chemical sensors with pattern recognition algorithms. Infrared Vision (Thermal Camera): Mimics snake's ability to detect heat signatures, useful for night vision or locating targets through smoke. Working principle: Detects infrared radiation emitted by objects. Echolocation/Sonar: Mimics bats/dolphins to navigate in dark or complex environments and map surroundings. Working principle: Emits sound waves and analyzes echoes. Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: a) Tree Diagram for Stem Cell Hierarchy (from Phylogenetic Tree Concept): Totipotent (Zygote) | |-- Pluripotent (Embryonic Stem Cells) | | | |-- Multipotent (Adult Stem Cells, e.g., Hematopoietic, Mesenchymal) | | | | | |-- Oligopotent (e.g., Lymphoid stem cell) | | | | | |-- Unipotent (e.g., Muscle stem cell, Epidermal stem cell) | | | |-- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) - can be derived from differentiated cells b) Strategy to Arrest Decline of Cardiac Performance by Stem Cell Therapy: Approach: Inject stem cells (e.g., iPSCs-derived cardiomyocytes, mesenchymal stem cells) into the infarcted region of the heart. Mechanism: Regeneration: Stem cells differentiate into new cardiomyocytes, replacing damaged tissue. Paracrine Effects: Stem cells secrete growth factors and cytokines that promote angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation), reduce inflammation, and prevent further cell death in the surrounding tissue. Remodeling: Improve cardiac function, reduce scar tissue formation, and prevent adverse ventricular remodeling. c) Engineering Driven Solution for Failed Heart (Failed Conventional & Stem Cell): Solution: Total Artificial Heart (TAH) or Ventricular Assist Device (VAD). Explanation: These are mechanical pumps designed to take over or assist the pumping function of the heart. TAH replaces both ventricles, while VADs assist one or both ventricles. They use engineering principles (fluid dynamics, materials science, control systems) to maintain blood circulation. d) How Organ-on-a-chip Provides Cue for Engineering Solution: Cue: Organ-on-a-chip technology creates microfluidic devices containing living human cells cultured to mimic the physiological functions of organs (e.g., heart-on-a-chip). Relevance: These chips can be used to test drug efficacy and toxicity, model disease progression, and study tissue responses to mechanical stimuli. They provide a preclinical platform to optimize the design and function of mechanical cardiac support devices (TAH/VADs) by simulating interaction with living tissue, optimizing biocompatibility, flow dynamics, and long-term performance before human trials. Water Scarcity Issues (Water Purification & Remediation): a) Renal Filtration System for Water Purifying System: Features of Renal Filtration: Glomerular Filtration: Non-selective filtration based on size and charge (water, small solutes filtered; proteins, cells retained). Tubular Reabsorption: Selective reabsorption of essential substances (water, glucose, ions) back into blood. Tubular Secretion: Active removal of waste products into filtrate. Design with Rationale: Multi-stage Filtration: Mimic glomerular filtration with a series of membranes of decreasing pore size to remove suspended solids, bacteria, and viruses. Selective Adsorption/Ion Exchange: Mimic tubular reabsorption/secretion using adsorbent materials (e.g., activated carbon) or ion-exchange resins to selectively remove specific chemical pollutants (heavy metals, organic compounds) while retaining essential minerals. Membrane Bioreactors: Integrate microbial degradation (biofiltration) for complex organic pollutants, similar to biological processing in the kidney. b) Body's Defense against Pathogens in Water: Avoid Entry: Physical Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes lining digestive tract. Chemical Barriers: Stomach acid (low pH), enzymes (lysozyme in saliva), antimicrobial peptides. Microbiome: Commensal bacteria compete with pathogens. Tackle Microbes (if entered): Innate Immunity: Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils), natural killer cells, inflammation, fever. Adaptive Immunity: B cells (antibody production), T cells (cell-mediated immunity), immunological memory. Biologically Inspired Electronics (Sensors): a) Bionic Ear (Sound Perception & Interpretation): Biological Principle: Cochlea: Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals. Hair cells within the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies. Auditory Nerve: Transmits signals to the brain. Brain: Processes signals for pitch, loudness, timbre, and localization. Biomimicry Justification: A bionic ear (cochlear implant) aims to replicate this. An external microphone captures sound. A speech processor converts sound into electrical signals. An internal implant stimulates the auditory nerve directly via an electrode array inserted into the cochlea, bypassing damaged hair cells. The brain then interprets these electrical signals as sound. b) Inter and Intra Species Relationship & Bio-optical Phenomenon: Inter-species: Predator-Prey (e.g., Anglerfish): Bioluminescence (light production) used to attract prey. Symbiosis (e.g., Coral & Algae): Photosynthesis by algae within coral tissues (light energy conversion). Intra-species: Mating/Communication (e.g., Fireflies): Bioluminescence used for signaling and mate attraction. Camouflage (e.g., Chameleon): Chromatophores (pigment-containing cells) and structural coloration for blending with environment. c) Bionic Device (Redox Potential) Problem: Observation: Works in Solution A (pH 7), fails in Solution B (pH < 2). Reasons: pH Dependence of Enzyme/Protein: The biological component (e.g., enzyme) in the device may have an optimal pH around 7 and denatures or loses activity in highly acidic conditions (pH < 2). Redox Potential Shift: The redox potential of many electrochemical reactions is pH-dependent. A significant change in pH can shift the potential outside the device's operating range or alter the reaction mechanism. Interference: High H+ concentration in acidic solution might interfere with the electrochemical reaction or sensor surface. Rectification: Buffer System: Incorporate a robust buffer system into the device or sample preparation to maintain a stable pH. pH-resistant Biocomponent: Use a biological element (e.g., enzyme, protein) that is stable and active over a wider pH range, or engineer it for acid stability. Alternative Transduction: If pH affects the electrochemical reaction directly, consider an alternative transduction method less sensitive to pH. Evolution & Healing Mechanisms: a) Bioinspired Self-Healing (Synthetic) Materials: Example: Self-healing polymers (e.g., using microcapsules). Potential Use: Coatings for aircraft, car paints, electronic circuits, medical implants. Principle: Inspired by natural healing (e.g., blood clotting in animals, resin secretion in plants). Microcapsules containing healing agents (monomers, catalysts) are embedded in the material. When a crack forms, it ruptures the capsules, releasing the agents which then react to fill and seal the crack. b) Autogenous Healing in Concrete: Concept: Natural ability of concrete to heal small cracks using unreacted cement particles or calcium hydroxide reacting with CO2 and water to form calcium carbonate. Utilization: Can be enhanced by adding crystalline admixtures or fibers to promote this natural process. This extends the lifespan of concrete structures and reduces maintenance needs. c) Respiratory System Defense & Prototype: Defense System: Mucociliary escalator (mucus layer trapping particles, cilia sweeping them upwards), alveolar macrophages (phagocytosis of inhaled particles). Prototype Design (Bioinspired Air Purifier): Mechanism: Mimic the mucociliary escalator. Components: A filtration system with a porous, sticky membrane (mimicking mucus) to trap particulates and a vibrating/sweeping mechanism (mimicking cilia) to continuously remove the trapped particles into a waste reservoir. Integrate a biofilter (microbial layer) to degrade gaseous pollutants, similar to how alveolar macrophages handle smaller threats. May 2019 - Part B (20 Marks) Engineering Prototype/Model for Societal Problems: a) Air Pollution and Health Hazard: Biological Principles: Photosynthesis (Plants): Absorption of CO2 and other gaseous pollutants. Mucociliary Escalator (Respiratory System): Trapping and removal of particulate matter. Microbial Bioremediation: Microorganisms degrading specific pollutants. Prototype/Model: Bio-Integrated Air Purification System for Buildings/Cities. Design: "Living walls" or "bio-facades" integrated with building ventilation systems. These consist of vertical gardens with specific plant species known for high pollutant absorption (e.g., formaldehyde, VOCs) and a substrate containing specialized microbial communities for breaking down gaseous pollutants. Working: Air is drawn through the living wall/bio-filter. Plants absorb CO2 and some gaseous pollutants. The microbial layer in the soil/substrate biodegrades complex organic pollutants. A physical filtration layer (inspired by mucociliary escalator) captures particulate matter. This provides both aesthetic benefits and active air purification. b) Energy Harvesting and Saving Efficiency: Biological Principles: Photosynthesis (Plants): Highly efficient solar energy conversion. Bioluminescence (Fireflies): Efficient light production with minimal heat loss. Bird/Fish Movement: Efficient locomotion with minimal energy expenditure (e.g., streamlined bodies, efficient wing/fin designs). Prototype/Model: Biomimetic Solar Energy Harvesting and Smart Lighting System. Design (Harvesting): Solar panels with multi-junction cells or light-harvesting complexes inspired by plant chloroplasts, designed to capture a broader spectrum of light and convert it more efficiently to electricity. Integrate flexible, transparent solar cells into building surfaces. Design (Saving): Smart lighting systems inspired by bioluminescence. Use highly efficient OLEDs or LEDs designed for optimal light emission with minimal heat loss. Implement adaptive lighting controls (e.g., mimicking animal vision's ability to adapt to varying light levels) that adjust brightness and color temperature based on ambient light, occupancy, and circadian rhythms, minimizing energy usage. Working: The system harvests solar energy throughout the day. Stored energy powers the smart lighting. Sensors detect human presence and ambient light, dynamically adjusting lighting levels to provide optimal illumination with minimal energy consumption, similar to how organisms optimize energy use in their environment.