Reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Mirror Formula: $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}$ (for spherical mirrors)
Magnification: $m = -\frac{v}{u}$
Refraction (Snell's Law): $n_1 \sin\theta_1 = n_2 \sin\theta_2$
Lens Maker's Formula: $\frac{1}{f} = (n-1)\left(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2}\right)$
Lens Formula: $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}$
Total Internal Reflection: $\sin C = \frac{n_2}{n_1}$
Dispersion: Different $n$ for different colors
Interference (Young's Double Slit):
- Path difference: $\Delta x = d \sin\theta$
- Bright fringes: $\Delta x = n\lambda$
- Dark fringes: $\Delta x = (n+\frac{1}{2})\lambda$
- Fringe width: $\beta = \frac{\lambda D}{d}$
Diffraction (Single Slit):
- Minima: $a \sin\theta = n\lambda$
Polarization: Brewster's Law, Malus's Law

Photoelectric Effect: $K_{max} = h\nu - \phi_0$
De Broglie Wavelength: $\lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv}$
Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom:
- Radius: $r_n = 0.529 n^2 \text{ Å}$
- Energy: $E_n = -\frac{13.6}{n^2} \text{ eV}$
X-rays: Mosley's Law, continuous and characteristic spectrum
Radioactivity:
- Decay Law: $N = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}$
- Half-life: $T_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda}$
- Binding Energy: $E_b = (\Delta m) c^2$
Nuclear Fission, Fusion
Semiconductors: Intrinsic, Extrinsic, P-N Junction Diode, Transistors
Logic Gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR

Mole Concept: $n = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{molar mass}} = \frac{\text{number of particles}}{N_A}$
Molarity: $M = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{volume of solution (L)}}$
Molality: $m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{mass of solvent (kg)}}$
Equivalent Weight: $\text{Eq. Wt.} = \frac{\text{Molar Mass}}{n\text{-factor}}$
Stoichiometry, Limiting Reagent

Bohr's Model (energy levels, radii, velocity)
Hydrogen Spectrum (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, etc.)
Quantum Numbers: $n, l, m_l, m_s$
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle: $\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \ge \frac{h}{4\pi}$
De Broglie Wavelength: $\lambda = \frac{h}{mv}$

Ideal Gas Equation: $PV = nRT$
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures: $P_{total} = P_1 + P_2 + ...$
Graham's Law of Diffusion: $\frac{r_1}{r_2} = \sqrt{\frac{M_2}{M_1}}$
Van der Waals Equation (Real Gases): $\left(P + \frac{an^2}{V^2}\right)(V-nb) = nRT$
Kinetic Theory of Gases (postulates, average/RMS/most probable speeds)