Lateral (Cambium): Increases girth (width) of stem & root.

Intercalary: At base of leaves/internodes, increases length (e.g., grasses).

Permanent Tissue: Derived from meristematic tissue, lost ability to divide.

Simple Permanent Tissue:
- Parenchyma: Living, thin-walled, loosely packed. Storage, photosynthesis (chlorenchyma), buoyancy (aerenchyma).
- Collenchyma: Living, thick at corners, provides flexibility & mechanical support.
- Sclerenchyma: Dead, thick-walled (lignified), provides strength & rigidity (e.g., husk of coconut). Fibres & Sclereids.
Complex Permanent Tissue: More than one type of cell working together.
- Xylem: Conducts water & minerals from roots to leaves. Composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibres.
- Phloem: Transports food (sugars) from leaves to other parts. Composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres.

Animal Tissues

Epithelial Tissue: Covering or protective tissue. Forms lining of body cavities, organs.
- Squamous: Flat, delicate lining (e.g., oesophagus, mouth).
- Cuboidal: Cube-shaped, secretion & absorption (e.g., kidney tubules, salivary glands).
- Columnar: Pillar-like, secretion & absorption (e.g., intestine). Ciliated in respiratory tract.
- Glandular: Modified columnar/cuboidal cells, specialized for secretion.
Connective Tissue: Connects various body parts. Cells are loosely spaced in an intercellular matrix.
- Areolar: Fills space inside organs, supports internal organs, repairs tissues.
- Adipose: Stores fat, acts as insulator.
- Bone: Hard, strong matrix of calcium & phosphorus compounds. Forms skeleton.
- Cartilage: Smooth, flexible matrix of proteins & sugars (e.g., nose tip, ear, trachea).
- Ligament: Connects bone to bone. Elastic.
- Tendon: Connects muscle to bone. Strong, inelastic.
- Blood: Fluid matrix (plasma) with RBCs, WBCs, Platelets. Transports gases, food, hormones, waste.
Muscular Tissue: Responsible for movement. Contains contractile proteins (actin & myosin).
- Striated/Skeletal: Voluntary, attached to bones, striped appearance.
- Smooth/Unstriated: Involuntary, in internal organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels), no stripes.
- Cardiac: Involuntary, only in heart, branched, rhythmic contraction & relaxation.
Nervous Tissue: Transmits messages.
- Neuron: Basic unit. Composed of cell body (cyton), dendrites, axon.
- Neuroglia: Supporting cells.

Improvement in Food Resources

Sustainable Agriculture: Practices to meet food needs without harming environment or future generations.
Green Revolution: Increased food grain production (wheat, rice) using HYV (High Yielding Varieties) seeds, fertilizers, irrigation.
White Revolution: Increased milk production in India.

Crop Production Management

Nutrient Management: