-ane (single bonds, saturated)

-ene (at least one double bond, unsaturated)

-yne (at least one triple bond, unsaturated)

Secondary Suffix: Indicates the functional group.

-ol (alcohol, -OH)
-al (aldehyde, -CHO)
-one (ketone, C=O)
-oic acid (carboxylic acid, -COOH)
For halogens, use prefix (e.g., chloro-, bromo-).

Example Naming:

$CH_3-CH_2-OH$: Ethanol (Eth- + -an- + -ol)
$CH_3-COOH$: Ethanoic acid (Eth- + -an- + -oic acid)
$CH_3-CO-CH_3$: Propanone (Prop- + -an- + -one)
$CH_2=CH_2$: Ethene (Eth- + -ene)
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-Cl$: 1-Chloropropane (Chloro + Prop- + -an- + -e)

9. Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

1. Combustion:
- Definition: The process of burning carbon compounds in the presence of oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide, water, heat, and light.
- Reaction: Carbon compounds (fuels) + $O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + Heat + Light$
- Saturated Hydrocarbons: Burn with a clean, non-sooty flame (e.g., LPG, methane). This indicates complete combustion.
  $CH_4(g) + 2O_2(g) \rightarrow CO_2(g) + 2H_2O(g) + Heat + Light$
- Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Burn with a yellow, sooty flame. This is due to incomplete combustion caused by a high percentage of carbon, which does not burn completely in the available oxygen, forming unburnt carbon particles (soot).
  $C_2H_4(g) + 3O_2(g) \rightarrow 2CO_2(g) + 2H_2O(g) + Heat + Light$ (If sufficient oxygen is available)
  
  If oxygen is limited, soot forms: $C_2H_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow C(s) + CO_2(g) + H_2O(g)$ (Incomplete)
- Importance: Used as fuels (petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG).
2. Oxidation:
- Definition: A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen. In organic chemistry, it often involves the conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids.
- Oxidizing Agents: Substances that cause oxidation. Common oxidizing agents include alkaline potassium permanganate ($Alk. KMnO_4$) and acidified potassium dichromate ($Acid. K_2Cr_2O_7$).
- Reaction: Oxidation of Ethanol to Ethanoic Acid:
  $CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow{\text{Alk. } KMnO_4 \text{ or Acid. } K_2Cr_2O_7 + Heat} CH_3COOH$
  - The $KMnO_4$ and $K_2Cr_2O_7$ are strong oxidizing agents that provide oxygen for the conversion.
3. Addition Reaction (Hydrogenation):
- Definition: A reaction in which an unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene or alkyne) reacts with another molecule (like hydrogen, halogens, or hydrogen halides) across the double or triple bond to form a single, saturated product.
- Hydrogenation: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst.
- Catalysts: Nickel (Ni), Palladium (Pd), or Platinum (Pt). These metals provide a surface for the reaction and lower the activation energy.
- Reaction:
  $CH_2=CH_2 (Ethene) + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni \text{ catalyst}} CH_3-CH_3 (Ethane)$
  
  $R-CH=CH-R' + H_2 \xrightarrow{Ni} R-CH_2-CH_2-R'$
- Application: Used in the industrial process of converting unsaturated vegetable oils (liquid) into