Bibliographic organization.

Indexing and abstracting are 'bibliographic organization' and 'extraction processes'.

Reviewing, surveying, and consolidation are 'summation processes'.

Secondary services (indexes, abstracts, bibliographies) are essential feeders to primary information communication.

Purpose: provide relevant information to users with speed, accuracy, and ease.
Figure 1.1: Aim of intellectual organization of information
- A: Not Relevant, C: Relevant
- E: Dodged, Wasted, Retrieved
- F: Hits, Missed
Ideal situation: search result is 100% accurate (EF and CB coincide), rarely achieved.
Indexing techniques and tools aim to retrieve as many relevant documents as possible.
IOI plays a crucial role in achieving the APUPA pattern:
- A = Aliens (unwanted parts)
- P = Penumbra (related parts, wider range)
- U = Umbra (precise parts)
Indexing systems aim for ideal results.

Macro documents (books, monographs, treatises, textbooks) often include indexes to locate specific ideas.
Indexes connect different scattered aspects of a concept (e.g., "roses" with cultivation, varieties, scent technology).
By extracting substantive words/phrases, the author's thoughts and ideas are retained.
Intellectual skills required: understanding the subject, choosing substantive words, establishing relationships, and displaying them appropriately in the index.

Indexing work involves both intellectual and non-intellectual (clerical) parts, both equally important for retrieval efficiency.
A.C. Foskett divides indexing systems into:
1. Derived Indexing
2. Assigned Indexing
Subject approach poses challenges for accurate retrieval efficiency, unlike fact, author, or title retrieval.

Information for indexing is derived directly from the document, without adding external information.
Used in printed, computerized, and online indexes.
Examples: title-based systems like Catchword, KWIC, KWOC, KWAC.
Citation indexing has a different philosophy.
Minimal intellectual effort, suitable for computer operations (speed, efficiency, accuracy).

Computerized systems with high intellectual capability in design and operation.
Features (Foskett):
- Represent expert's domain-specific knowledge.
- Incorporate explanation processes and handle uncertainty.
- Pertain to symbolically represented problems.
- More tolerant of user errors than conventional programs.
Requirements:
- Acknowledged expert in the subject area.
- Expertise based on judgment and experience.
- Expert willing to explain knowledge.
- Problem must be well bounded.
- Problem area must have real consensus.
- Test data easily available.

Indexer assigns terms to documents for storage and retrieval.
Intellectual skills required:
- Good subject knowledge.
- Ability to analyze documents and identify concepts fo