Fidelity Model: Strict adherence to the original curriculum design.
Mutual Adaptation Model: Curriculum is adapted to local context, and the context is adapted to the curriculum.
Enactment Model: Curriculum is created and re-created in the classroom through interaction.

Substitution: Replacing an old curriculum element with a new one.
Alteration: Making minor modifications to existing curriculum.
Restructuring: Significant overhaul of the curriculum.
Perturbations: Unplanned, often disruptive changes in curriculum.
Value Orientation: Shifts in the underlying beliefs and philosophies guiding the curriculum.

Subject-Centered: Organizes content around traditional academic disciplines.
Learner-Centered: Focuses on the needs, interests, and experiences of students.
Problem-Centered: Organizes content around real-world problems and issues.

Global Literacy: Understanding global interconnectedness and issues.
Multicultural Literacy: Appreciating diverse cultures and perspectives.
Social Literacy: Understanding social norms, behaviors, and responsibilities.
Media Literacy: Critically analyzing and creating media messages.
Financial Literacy: Understanding personal finance and economic concepts.
Cyber/Digital Literacy: Competence in using digital technologies ethically and effectively.
Eco-Literacy: Understanding ecological principles and sustainability.

Intra-Disciplinary: Focus within a single discipline.
Inter-Disciplinary: Connecting two or more disciplines to explore a common theme.
Multi-Disciplinary: Juxtaposing several disciplines, each retaining its distinct perspective.
Trans-Disciplinary: Integrating disciplines to create a new, holistic understanding beyond traditional boundaries.