Winter precipitation from western temperate cyclones, Green Revolution.

Sowing: Onset of monsoon.
Harvesting: September-October.
Important Crops: Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut, soyabean.
Major Rice-Growing Regions: Assam, West Bengal, coastal Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana.
Paddy Crops in a year (Assam, West Bengal, Odisha): Aus, Aman, Boro.

Variety of food and non-food crops based on soil, climate, and cultivation practices.

Type: Kharif crop.
Importance: Staple food for majority of Indians, second largest producer globally (after China).
Requirements: High temperature (above $25^\circ C$), high humidity, annual rainfall above $100$ cm. Irrigation in less rainfall areas.
Growing Regions: Plains of north/north-eastern India, coastal areas, deltaic regions. Punjab, Haryana, W. Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan (due to canal irrigation/tubewells).

Type: Rabi crop.
Importance: Second most important cereal, main food crop in north/north-western India.
Requirements: Cool growing season, bright sunshine for ripening, $50-75$ cm annual rainfall (evenly distributed).
Growing Zones: Ganga-Satluj plains (north-west), Black soil region (Deccan).
Major Producing States: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan.

Importance: High nutritional value (iron, calcium, micronutrients, roughage).
Types: Jowar, Bajra, Ragi.
Jowar: Third most important food crop (area/production). Rain-fed crop, grown in moist areas.
- Major Producing States: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh.
Bajra: Grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.
- Major Producing States: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana.
Ragi: Crop of dry regions, grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy, shallow black soils.
- Major Producing States: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh.

Type: Kharif crop (food and fodder).
Requirements: Temperature $21^\circ C-27^\circ C$, old alluvial soil.
Note: Grown in rabi season in some states like Bihar.
Factors for Increased Production: HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation.
Major Producing States: Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana.

Importance: Largest producer and consumer globally, major source of protein in vegetarian diet.
Types: Tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas, gram.
Requirements: Less moisture, survive in dry conditions.
Soil Fertility: Leguminous crops (except arhar) fix nitrogen, restoring soil fertility. Grown in rotation with other crops.
Major Producing States: Ma