Lab Values
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### Complete Blood Count (CBC) - **White Blood Cells (WBC):** - Normal Range: $4.5 - 11.0 \times 10^9/L$ - High (Leukocytosis): Infection, inflammation, leukemia - Low (Leukopenia): Bone marrow suppression, autoimmune disease - **Red Blood Cells (RBC):** - Normal Range: $4.2 - 5.9 \times 10^{12}/L$ (Male), $3.8 - 5.2 \times 10^{12}/L$ (Female) - High (Erythrocytosis/Polycythemia): Dehydration, chronic hypoxia - Low (Anemia): Blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, chronic disease - **Hemoglobin (Hgb):** - Normal Range: $13.5 - 17.5 g/dL$ (Male), $12.0 - 15.5 g/dL$ (Female) - Measures oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. - **Hematocrit (Hct):** - Normal Range: $40 - 54\%$ (Male), $36 - 48\%$ (Female) - Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs. - **Platelets (PLT):** - Normal Range: $150 - 450 \times 10^9/L$ - High (Thrombocytosis): Inflammation, infection, malignancy - Low (Thrombocytopenia): Bone marrow issues, autoimmune, medications ### Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) - **Sodium (Na+):** - Normal Range: $135 - 145 mEq/L$ - High (Hypernatremia): Dehydration, excessive sodium intake - Low (Hyponatremia): Fluid overload, SIADH, diuretic use - **Potassium (K+):** - Normal Range: $3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L$ - High (Hyperkalemia): Renal failure, tissue damage, acidosis - Low (Hypokalemia): Diuretics, GI losses, alkalosis - **Chloride (Cl-):** - Normal Range: $98 - 107 mEq/L$ - Often changes with sodium and acid-base balance. - **Bicarbonate (HCO3-):** - Normal Range: $22 - 28 mEq/L$ - Important for acid-base balance. - **Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):** - Normal Range: $7 - 20 mg/dL$ - High: Renal dysfunction, dehydration, GI bleed - Low: Liver disease, malnutrition - **Creatinine (Cr):** - Normal Range: $0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL$ (Male), $0.5 - 1.1 mg/dL$ (Female) - More specific indicator of renal function than BUN. - **Glucose:** - Fasting Normal Range: $70 - 99 mg/dL$ - High (Hyperglycemia): Diabetes, stress, pancreatitis - Low (Hypoglycemia): Insulin overdose, liver disease, starvation - **Calcium (Ca):** - Normal Range: $8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL$ - High (Hypercalcemia): Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy - Low (Hypocalcemia): Hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, vitamin D deficiency ### Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) - **pH:** - Normal Range: $7.35 - 7.45$ - Measures acidity/alkalinity of blood. - **PaCO2 (Partial pressure of carbon dioxide):** - Normal Range: $35 - 45 mmHg$ - Respiratory component (acid). - **HCO3- (Bicarbonate):** - Normal Range: $22 - 28 mEq/L$ - Metabolic component (base). - **PaO2 (Partial pressure of oxygen):** - Normal Range: $80 - 100 mmHg$ - Measures oxygenation. - **SaO2 (Oxygen saturation):** - Normal Range: $95 - 100\%$ - Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen. ### Cardiac Markers - **Troponin I:** - Normal Range: $ ### Liver Function Tests (LFTs) - **ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase):** - Normal Range: $7 - 56 U/L$ - Elevated: Liver cell damage (more specific to liver). - **AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase):** - Normal Range: $10 - 40 U/L$ - Elevated: Liver cell damage, also present in heart, muscle. - **ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase):** - Normal Range: $44 - 147 U/L$ - Elevated: Bile duct obstruction, bone disorders. - **Total Bilirubin:** - Normal Range: $0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL$ - Elevated: Liver disease, hemolytic anemia, bile duct obstruction (causes jaundice). - **Albumin:** - Normal Range: $3.5 - 5.0 g/dL$ - Low: Chronic liver disease, malnutrition, kidney disease. ### Coagulation Panel - **PT (Prothrombin Time):** - Normal Range: $10 - 13$ seconds - Measures extrinsic and common pathways; monitors warfarin therapy. - **INR (International Normalized Ratio):** - Normal Range: $0.8 - 1.2$ (Therapeutic range for warfarin: $2.0 - 3.0$) - Standardized PT result. - **aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time):** - Normal Range: $25 - 35$ seconds - Measures intrinsic and common pathways; monitors heparin therapy.
