Development Class 10 (NCERT)

Cheatsheet Content

### Introduction to Development - **What is Development?** - Development implies progress, an improvement in the quality of life. - For different people, development means different things. - It's a complex concept involving economic, social, and environmental changes. - **Different Development Goals:** - What may be development for one may not be for another. It may even be destructive for others. - **Examples:** - **Landless Rural Labourers:** More days of work, better wages, local schools for children, no social discrimination. - **Prosperous Farmers:** High support prices for crops, cheap labour, ability to settle children abroad. - **Urban Unemployed Youth:** Education, employment opportunities, good income. - **A Girl from a Rich Urban Family:** Freedom to decide her future, access to higher education, equality with her brother. - **Tribal People:** Protection of their land, forests, and cultural identity, livelihood security. - **Key aspects of Development Goals:** - People look for a mix of goals. - **Income is important**, but so are other non-material things like: - Equal treatment - Freedom - Security - Respect for others - Money cannot buy everything one needs to live well. - Quality of life depends on both material goods and non-material factors. ### National Development - **Concept:** - Refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its citizens. - Similar to individual development, national development also involves thinking about what would be fair and just. - Different people have different, sometimes conflicting, notions of national development. - **How to measure National Development?** - **Average Income (Per Capita Income):** - Total income of the country divided by its total population. - Used to compare countries. - **World Bank Classification (2019):** - **Rich Countries:** Per capita income of US\$ 12,375 per annum or more. - **Low-Income Countries:** Per capita income of US\$ 2,530 or less. - **India:** In the category of low middle-income countries (per capita income of US\$ 2,530). - **Limitations of Average Income:** - Hides disparities. A country with high average income might still have significant income inequality. - Does not tell us about the distribution of income among people. - **Other Criteria for Comparison:** - Besides income, other factors like **health and education** are crucial. - **Example:** Punjab has higher per capita income than Kerala, but Kerala has better human development indicators. - **Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):** Number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live births. - Kerala: Low IMR due to adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. - Punjab: Higher IMR despite high per capita income, indicating poor health infrastructure. - **Literacy Rate:** Proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group. - **Net Attendance Ratio:** Total number of children of age group 14-15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. ### Public Facilities - **Importance:** - Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services you may need to live well. - Many basic services are best provided collectively. - **Examples:** - **Public Distribution System (PDS):** Provides food and health security. - **Schools:** Essential for education. - **Healthcare:** Hospitals and clinics. - **Community halls, parks, public transport, roads, electricity.** - **Why collective provision?** - Some goods/services are difficult to buy individually (e.g., security for the whole community). - Some goods/services are cheaper and more efficient when provided collectively (e.g., schools, healthcare). - **Kerala example:** Low IMR because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. The state has invested heavily in human resource development. ### Human Development Report (HDR) - **Published by:** United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). - **Purpose:** Compares countries based on educational levels, health status, and per capita income. - **Indicators used in HDR:** - **Per Capita Income:** (as discussed above) - **Health Status:** - **Life Expectancy at Birth:** Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. - **Educational Attainment:** - **Literacy Rate** - **Gross Enrollment Ratio:** For primary, secondary, and higher education. - **Significance:** - HDR emphasizes that **human development** is about enlarging people's choices and improving their lives. - It is a broader measure than just economic growth, focusing on people's capabilities and well-being. - India's rank in HDR (e.g., 130 in 2018) indicates its position relative to other countries in human development. ### Sustainability of Development - **Concept:** - Refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. - The present pattern of development is not sustainable. - **Environmental Degradation:** - A major concern for global development. - **Examples:** - **Groundwater Depletion:** Overuse of groundwater, especially in agricultural regions. - Threatens water security for future generations. - **Exhaustion of Natural Resources:** - **Non-renewable resources:** Crude oil, coal, natural gas. Finite stock, will eventually run out. - **Renewable resources:** Groundwater, forests. Can be overused and depleted if not managed properly. - **Consequences of Unsustainable Development:** - Environmental pollution. - Climate change. - Loss of biodiversity. - Resource scarcity. - **Path to Sustainable Development:** - Requires a shift in development paradigm. - **Key elements:** - **Judicious use of resources:** Reduce, reuse, recycle. - **Promoting renewable energy sources.** - **Adopting eco-friendly technologies.** - **Population control and equitable distribution of resources.** - **International cooperation** to address global environmental issues. - **Conclusion:** - Development is a continuous process. - It's crucial to balance economic progress with social equity and environmental protection for long-term well-being. - The issue of sustainability is not just for specific countries but for the entire world.