11111011.

Real Values (Floating-Point Numbers): Used to represent number with fractions and/or decimals. Represented similarly to scientific notation: $\text{A floating-point number} = \text{sign} \times \text{mantissa} \times 2^{\text{exponent}}$.
- Example: 5.75 is represented as $1.4375 \times 2^2$.
- Single Precision (32-bit): 1st bit is the sign bit, the next 8 bits are for the exponent, and the remaining 23 bits are for the mantissa. The approximate range is from $1.4 \times 10^{-45}$ to $3.4 \times 10^{38}$.
- Double Precision (64-bit): The exponent is represented using 11 bits.

Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Addition Rules: $1 + 1 = 0$ (with a carry of 1 to the next higher bit).
- Example: 1101 + 1011 = 11000.
Subtraction: Carried out by adding the two's complement of the subtrahend to the minuend.
Multiplication: Follows similar principles to long multiplication in decimal.
Division: Follows steps like comparing, subtracting, and shifting, akin to long division.

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Each character is given a code number between 0 and 127.
- Example: The ASCII code for an upper case letter “P” is 80.
Extended ASCII: Uses 8 bits and includes 256 characters.
Unicode: An attempt at mapping all graphic characters used in any of the world's writing system. Can represent over a million characters. UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format.
- UTF-8: A variable-length encoding scheme (1 to 4 bytes) that is backward compatible with ASCII.
- UTF-16: A variable character encoding mechanism (2 or 4 bytes) that is not compatible with ASCII.
- UTF-32: Uses a fixed length, with all characters stored in 4 bytes per character.

Images: Made up of tiny dots called pixels. Each pixel's color can be represented by three numbers: Red, Green, and Blue (RGB).
Audio: Stored by capturing sound waves and converting them into digital data.
- Sampling: Recording the sound wave at regular intervals.
- Quantization: Converting each sample into a number.
Video: Made up of many images shown rapidly in sequence, along with audio. Each image is called a frame.
Storage Devices: Files are stored as binary data. Devices include Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid State Drive (SSD), and Cloud Storage.

Description
Class activity (PDP-8): The octal system was more common in early computing systems like the PDP-8. It was used because it is easier to convert between octal and binary than between decimal and binary.
Top Tip (Signed/Unsigned): When working with different integer types, always check whether the data type is signed or u