Morphology of Flowering Plants

Cheatsheet Content

### Introduction to Morphology of Flowering Plants Morphology is the study of the external features of an organism. Flowering plants (Angiosperms) show a wide range of diversity in their external structures like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Understanding these structures is crucial for classification and identification. ### The Root The root is the underground part of the plant that absorbs water and minerals, provides anchorage, and stores food. #### Types of Root Systems - **Tap Root System:** Develops from the radicle, with a main primary root and lateral branches (secondary, tertiary roots). - **Examples:** Mustard, Gram, Pea, Carrot, Turnip. - **Fibrous Root System:** Develops from the base of the stem, consisting of a cluster of thin, fibrous roots. The primary root is short-lived. - **Examples:** Wheat, Rice, Maize, Sugarcane. - **Adventitious Root System:** Roots arising from parts of the plant other than the radicle. - **Examples:** Grass, Monstera, Banyan tree. #### Regions of the Root - **Root Cap:** A thimble-like structure protecting the root apex. - **Examples:** All roots, except some aquatic plants like Pistia. - **Region of Meristematic Activity:** Cells are small, thin-walled, and divide rapidly. - **Region of Elongation:** Cells rapidly increase in length, responsible for root growth. - **Region of Maturation:** Cells differentiate and mature, forming root hairs. #### Modifications of Root Roots are modified for various functions like storage, support, and respiration. - **For Storage:** - **Tap Roots:** - **Fusiform:** Spindle-shaped (e.g., Radish). - **Conical:** Cone-shaped (e.g., Carrot). - **Napiform:** Swollen top, tapering sharply (e.g., Turnip, Beetroot). - **Adventitious Roots:** - **Tuberous/Fasciculated:** Irregularly swollen (e.g., Sweet Potato, Dahlia, Asparagus). - **Nodulose:** Swollen at tip (e.g., Ginger). - **Moniliform:** Swollen at intervals (e.g., Momordica, Vitis). - **Annulated:** Ring-like swellings (e.g., Ipecac). - **For Support:** - **Prop Roots:** Hang vertically from branches, providing support to large trees. - **Examples:** Banyan tree. - **Stilt Roots:** Arise from lower nodes of the stem and grow obliquely into the soil. - **Examples:** Maize, Sugarcane, Screw pine (Pandanus). - **Climbing Roots:** Help plants climb support. - **Examples:** Money plant (Pothos), Betel, Black Pepper. - **For Respiration (Pneumatophores):** Negative geotropic roots that grow upwards to obtain oxygen in marshy areas. - **Examples:** Rhizophora, Sonneratia (Mangrove plants). - **Haustorial/Sucking Roots:** Parasitic roots that penetrate host tissue to absorb nutrients. - **Examples:** Cuscuta (Dodder), Viscum (Mistletoe). - **Epiphytic Roots:** Aerial roots that absorb moisture from the atmosphere. - **Examples:** Orchids (Vanda), having velamen tissue. - **Assimilatory Roots:** Green roots capable of photosynthesis. - **Examples:** Tinospora, Trapa (Water Chestnut), some Orchids. - **Floating Roots:** Spongy, air-filled roots for buoyancy. - **Examples:** Jussiaea. ### The Stem The stem is the ascending part of the plant bearing branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It develops from the plumule of the embryo. #### Characteristics of Stem - Bears nodes and internodes. - Bears buds (terminal and axillary). - Generally positively phototropic and negatively geotropic. #### Modifications of Stem Stems are modified for storage, perennation, support, and protection. - **Underground Stem Modifications (for storage and perennation):** - **Rhizome:** Fleshy, non-green, prostrate, and branched, with distinct nodes and internodes, scale leaves, and axillary buds. Grows horizontally. - **Examples:** Ginger, Turmeric, Canna, Ferns. - **Corm:** Condensed, fleshy, spherical, grows vertically. Has distinct nodes and internodes. - **Examples:** Colocasia (Arvi), Amorphophallus (Suran), Saffron, Gladiolus. - **Tuber:** Swollen tip of an underground branch, containing "eyes" (axillary buds). No definite shape. - **Examples:** Potato. - **Bulb:** Highly condensed stem, surrounded by fleshy scale leaves. - **Examples:** Onion (tunicated bulb), Garlic (compound tunicated bulb), Lily (scaly bulb). - **Sub-aerial Stem Modifications (for vegetative propagation):** - **Runner:** Slender, prostrate branch with long internodes, roots at nodes. - **Examples:** Grass, Strawberry, Oxalis. - **Stolon:** Slender lateral branch arising from the base of the main stem, growing upwards and then arching downwards to touch the ground. - **Examples:** Mint, Jasmine. - **Offset:** Short, thick runner, found in aquatic plants. - **Examples:** Pistia, Eichhornia (Water Hyacinth). - **Sucker:** Underground stem that grows horizontally for some distance and then emerges obliquely upwards, giving rise to a new shoot. - **Examples:** Mint, Chrysanthemum, Pineapple, Banana. - **Aerial Stem Modifications:** - **Stem Tendrils:** Slender, spirally coiled structures for climbing, developed from axillary bud. - **Examples:** Cucumber, Pumpkins, Watermelon, Grapevines. - **Thorns:** Hard, woody, pointed structures for protection, developed from axillary bud. - **Examples:** Citrus, Bougainvillea. - **Phylloclade:** Flattened or cylindrical green stem, performing photosynthesis (xerophytic adaptation). - **Examples:** Opuntia (flattened), Euphorbia (cylindrical). - **Cladode:** One or two internode long phylloclade. - **Examples:** Asparagus, Ruscus. - **Bulbils:** Fleshy buds that detach and grow into new plants. - **Examples:** Agave, Dioscorea, Oxalis. ### The Leaf The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem, specialized for photosynthesis. It develops from the nodal meristem and bears a bud in its axil. #### Parts of a Typical Leaf - **Leaf Base (Hypopodium):** The part of the leaf attached to the stem. - **Pulvinus:** Swollen leaf base in leguminous plants. - **Examples:** Pea, Bean, Mimosa. - **Sheathing Leaf Base:** Covers the stem partially or wholly. - **Examples:** Monocots (Maize, Wheat). - **Petiole (Mesopodium):** The stalk of the leaf, holding the blade to light. - **Lamina/Leaf Blade (Epipodium):** The green, expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets. #### Venation The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina. - **Reticulate Venation:** Veinlets form a network. - **Examples:** Dicotyledonous plants (Pea, Mango, China Rose). - **Parallel Venation:** Veins run parallel to each other. - **Examples:** Monocotyledonous plants (Wheat, Maize, Banana). #### Types of Leaves - **Simple Leaf:** Lamina is entire or incised, but the incisions do not reach the midrib. - **Examples:** Mango, Guava, China Rose. - **Compound Leaf:** Incisions reach the midrib, breaking the lamina into leaflets. - **Pinnately Compound Leaf:** Leaflets arranged along a common axis (rachis). - **Examples:** Neem, Rose. - **Palmately Compound Leaf:** Leaflets attached at a common point at the tip of the petiole. - **Examples:** Silk Cotton, Cleome. #### Phyllotaxy The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. - **Alternate Phyllotaxy:** A single leaf arises at each node in an alternate manner. - **Examples:** China Rose, Mustard, Sunflower. - **Opposite Phyllotaxy:** A pair of leaves arises at each node, opposite to each other. - **Examples:** Calotropis, Guava. - **Whorled Phyllotaxy:** More than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl. - **Examples:** Alstonia, Nerium. #### Modifications of Leaf Leaves are modified for support, protection, storage, and defense. - **Leaf Tendrils:** Leaves modified into slender, coiled structures for climbing. - **Examples:** Pea (entire leaf), Wild Pea (stipules), Gloriosa (leaf apex), Smilax (stipules). - **Leaf Spines:** Leaves modified into sharp, pointed structures for defense and reduced transpiration. - **Examples:** Cacti (Opuntia), Aloe, Argemone. - **Fleshy Leaves:** Leaves modified for food and water storage. - **Examples:** Onion, Garlic, Aloe, Bryophyllum. - **Phyllode:** Petiole expands to become green and flattened, performing photosynthesis. True leaves are small and short-lived. - **Examples:** Australian Acacia. - **Insectivorous Leaves:** Modified to trap and digest insects (for nitrogen deficiency). - **Examples:** Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes, leaf lamina forms pitcher), Venus Flytrap (Dionaea, leaf blade forms trap), Bladderwort (Utricularia, leaf segments form bladder). ### The Inflorescence The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. #### Types of Inflorescence - **Racemose Inflorescence:** Main axis continues to grow, and flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession (youngest at apex, oldest at base). - **Examples:** Radish, Mustard, Gulmohar, Wheat. - **Raceme:** Main axis unbranched, pedicellate flowers. (e.g., Radish) - **Spike:** Main axis unbranched, sessile flowers. (e.g., Amaranthus) - **Spikelet:** Small spike, characteristic of grasses. (e.g., Wheat) - **Catkin:** Pendulous spike with unisexual flowers. (e.g., Mulberry, Oak) - **Spadix:** Fleshy spike covered by spathe. (e.g., Maize, Colocasia) - **Corymb:** Lower flowers have longer pedicels than upper ones, bringing all flowers to the same level. (e.g., Candytuft) - **Umbellate:** Involucre of bracts, pedicellate flowers arise from a common point. (e.g., Coriander, Cumin) - **Capitulum/Head:** Main axis flattened, sessile flowers (florets) arranged centripetally. Surrounded by involucre of bracts. - **Examples:** Sunflower, Marigold (Asteraceae family). - **Cymose Inflorescence:** Main axis terminates in a flower, limiting its growth. Flowers are borne in a basipetal succession (oldest at apex, youngest at base). - **Examples:** Solanum, Cotton, Jasmine, Bougainvillea. - **Monochasial Cyme:** Main axis ends in a flower, produces one lateral branch which also ends in a flower. - **Helicoid:** Branches develop on one side only. (e.g., Heliotropium) - **Scorpioid:** Branches develop alternately on both sides. (e.g., Freesia) - **Dichasial Cyme:** Main axis ends in a flower, produces two lateral branches. - **Examples:** Jasmine, Dianthus. - **Polychasial Cyme:** Main axis ends in a flower, produces more than two lateral branches. - **Examples:** Calotropis, Nerium. - **Special Types of Inflorescence:** - **Hypanthodium:** Flask-shaped receptacle with an apical opening (ostiole), bearing unisexual flowers internally. - **Examples:** Fig, Banyan. - **Cyathium:** Cup-shaped involucre with a single female flower (pedicellate, central) surrounded by many male flowers (stalked). - **Examples:** Euphorbia, Poinsettia. - **Verticillaster:** Clusters of sessile or subsessile flowers in the axil of leaves, forming a false whorl. - **Examples:** Ocimum (Tulsi), Salvia (Lamiaceae family). ### The Flower The flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms. It is a modified shoot where the floral leaves are spirally arranged on a swollen receptacle (thalamus). #### Parts of a Flower A typical flower has four whorls, arranged successively on the thalamus: 1. **Calyx:** Outermost whorl, made of sepals. - **Gamosepalous:** Sepals united (e.g., Cotton, Datura). - **Polysepalous:** Sepals free (e.g., Rose, Mustard). - Aids in protection, sometimes photosynthetic. 2. **Corolla:** Whorl inside calyx, made of petals. - **Gamopetalous:** Petals united (e.g., Petunia, China Rose). - **Polypetalous:** Petals free (e.g., Rose, Mustard). - Often brightly colored to attract pollinators. 3. **Androecium:** Male reproductive part, made of stamens. - Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther. Anther contains pollen grains. - **Monadelphous:** Filaments united into one bundle (e.g., China Rose). - **Diadelphous:** Filaments united into two bundles (e.g., Pea). - **Polyadelphous:** Filaments united into more than two bundles (e.g., Citrus). - **Epipetalous:** Stamens attached to petals (e.g., Brinjal, Petunia). - **Epiphyllous:** Stamens attached to perianth (e.g., Lily). 4. **Gynoecium/Pistil:** Female reproductive part, made of carpels. - Each carpel has stigma, style, and ovary. Ovary contains ovules. - **Apocarpous:** Carpels free (e.g., Rose, Lotus). - **Syncarpous:** Carpels united (e.g., Mustard, Tomato). - **Placentation:** Arrangement of ovules within the ovary. #### Symmetry of Flower - **Actinomorphic (Radial Symmetry):** Can be divided into two equal halves by any radial plane passing through the center. - **Examples:** Mustard, Datura, Chilli. - **Zygomorphic (Bilateral Symmetry):** Can be divided into two equal halves by only one specific vertical plane. - **Examples:** Pea, Gulmohar, Bean, Cassia. - **Asymmetrical/Irregular:** Cannot be divided into two equal halves by any plane. - **Examples:** Canna. #### Position of Ovary (on Thalamus) - **Hypogynous (Superior Ovary):** Gynoecium is at the topmost position, other parts are below it. - **Examples:** Mustard, China Rose, Brinjal. - **Perigynous (Half Inferior Ovary):** Ovary is in the center, other parts are at the same level. - **Examples:** Plum, Rose, Peach. - **Epigynous (Inferior Ovary):** Margin of thalamus grows upward, enclosing the ovary, and other parts arise above the ovary. - **Examples:** Guava, Cucumber, Ray florets of Sunflower. #### Aestivation The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in the floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl. - **Valvate:** Sepals/petals just touch each other at the margin, without overlapping. - **Examples:** Calotropis, Mustard. - **Twisted:** One margin of the appendage overlaps the next one, and so on. - **Examples:** China Rose, Lady's Finger, Cotton. - **Imbricate:** Margins overlap, but not in a particular direction. - **Examples:** Cassia, Gulmohar. - **Vexillary (Papilionaceous):** Largest petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals (wings), which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals (keel). - **Examples:** Pea, Bean (Fabaceae family). #### Placentation The arrangement of ovules within the ovary. - **Marginal:** Placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary, and ovules are borne on this ridge. - **Examples:** Pea, Gram (Legumes). - **Axile:** Placenta is axial, and ovules are attached to it in a multi-locular ovary. - **Examples:** China Rose, Tomato, Lemon. - **Parietal:** Ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. Ovary is one-chambered, but becomes two-chambered due to false septum formation. - **Examples:** Mustard, Argemone. - **Free Central:** Ovules borne on a central axis, and septa are absent. - **Examples:** Dianthus, Primrose. - **Basal:** Placenta develops at the base of the ovary, and a single ovule is attached to it. - **Examples:** Sunflower, Marigold. ### The Fruit The fruit is a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization. It consists of a pericarp (fruit wall) and seeds. #### Parts of a Fruit - **Pericarp:** The fruit wall, which can be dry or fleshy. - **Epicarp:** Outermost layer (skin). - **Mesocarp:** Middle layer (fleshy part in mango). - **Endocarp:** Innermost layer (stony in mango). #### Types of Fruits - **True Fruits:** Develop only from the ovary. - **Examples:** Mango, Coconut, Pea, Tomato. - **False Fruits (Pseudocarp):** Develop from the ovary along with other floral parts (thalamus, receptacle). - **Examples:** Apple, Strawberry, Cashew. - **Parthenocarpic Fruits:** Develop without fertilization, often seedless. - **Examples:** Banana, Grapes (some varieties). #### Classification of True Fruits - **Simple Fruits:** Develop from a single ovary of a single flower. - **Fleshy Fruits:** - **Drupe:** Single-seeded, pericarp differentiated into epicarp, fleshy mesocarp, and stony endocarp. - **Examples:** Mango, Coconut, Plum, Peach. - **Berry:** Multi-seeded, pericarp not differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp (all fleshy). - **Examples:** Tomato, Grape, Brinjal. - **Pepo:** Berry with hard rind. - **Examples:** Cucumber, Watermelon, Gourd. - **Hesperidium:** Berry with leathery rind and juicy hairs. - **Examples:** Orange, Lemon (Citrus fruits). - **Pome:** False fruit where thalamus is fleshy and edible, ovary is inferior. - **Examples:** Apple, Pear. - **Dry Fruits:** Pericarp is dry. - **Dehiscent (Splitting open at maturity):** - **Legume/Pod:** Splits along both sutures. - **Examples:** Pea, Bean, Gram. - **Follicle:** Splits along one suture. - **Examples:** Calotropis. - **Siliqua:** Splits along two sutures, leaving a false septum. - **Examples:** Mustard. - **Capsule:** Dehisces in various ways (pores, teeth, valves). - **Examples:** Cotton, Lady's Finger, Datura. - **Indehiscent (Not splitting open):** - **Achene:** Small, one-seeded, pericarp free from seed coat. - **Examples:** Mirabilis, Sunflower (fruit actually cypsela). - **Caryopsis:** Pericarp fused with seed coat. - **Examples:** Wheat, Maize, Rice. - **Nut:** Hard, woody pericarp. - **Examples:** Cashew, Litchi (seed is edible). - **Samara:** Winged pericarp for dispersal. - **Examples:** Elm, Maple. - **Schizocarpic (Splitting into one-seeded parts):** - **Cremocarp:** Splits into two mericarps. - **Examples:** Coriander, Cumin. - **Carcerulus:** Splits into many one-seeded parts. - **Examples:** Ocimum. - **Regma:** Splits into cocci. - **Examples:** Castor. - **Aggregate Fruits:** Develop from a single flower with an apocarpous (free carpels) ovary. Each carpel develops into a fruitlet. - **Examples:** Custard Apple (aggregate of berries), Raspberry (aggregate of drupes), Lotus (aggregate of achenes). - **Multiple/Composite Fruits:** Develop from an entire inflorescence. - **Sorosis:** Develops from a spike, catkin, or spadix inflorescence. - **Examples:** Pineapple, Mulberry, Jackfruit. - **Syconus:** Develops from hypanthodium inflorescence. - **Examples:** Fig, Banyan. ### The Seed The seed is a fertilized ovule, consisting of an embryo, stored food, and a protective seed coat. #### Parts of a Seed - **Seed Coat:** Outermost protective covering. - **Testa:** Outer layer. - **Tegmen:** Inner layer. - **Hilum:** Scar on seed coat where ovule was attached to funiculus. - **Micropyle:** Small pore above hilum, for water absorption and gas exchange. - **Embryo:** Consists of an embryonal axis and cotyledon(s). - **Embryonal Axis:** Has radicle (forms root) and plumule (forms shoot). - **Cotyledon(s):** Store food or help in food absorption. - **Endosperm:** Nutritive tissue formed after double fertilization, provides nourishment to the embryo. #### Types of Seeds - **Non-albuminous/Ex-albuminous Seeds:** No residual endosperm, as it's completely consumed during embryo development. Food stored in cotyledons. - **Examples:** Pea, Gram, Beans, Groundnut. - **Albuminous Seeds:** Retain a part of endosperm as it's not completely used up during embryo development. - **Examples:** Wheat, Maize, Rice, Castor, Coconut, Sunflower. #### Structure of Dicotyledonous Seed - **Examples:** Pea, Gram. - Seed coat (testa and tegmen). - Hilum and micropyle. - Two large cotyledons. - Embryonal axis with radicle and plumule. #### Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed - **Examples:** Maize, Wheat. - Generally albuminous. - Seed coat fused with fruit wall (caryopsis). - **Aleuron layer:** Proteinaceous layer separating embryo from endosperm. - **Scutellum:** Single, large, shield-shaped cotyledon. - **Coleoptile:** Sheath enclosing plumule. - **Coleorhiza:** Sheath enclosing radicle. ### Important Flowering Plant Families #### 1. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - **Common Name:** Pea Family. - **Vegetative Characters:** Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules; stem erect or climber; leaves alternate, pinnately compound or simple, pulvinus leaf base, stipulate, reticulate venation. - **Floral Characters:** - **Inflorescence:** Racemose. - **Flower:** Bisexual, zygomorphic. - **Calyx:** 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate/imbricate aestivation. - **Corolla:** 5 petals, polypetalous, papilionaceous (vexillary aestivation), 1 standard, 2 wings, 2 keel. - **Androecium:** 10 stamens, diadelphous $(9+1)$ or monadelphous, anther dithecous. - **Gynoecium:** Ovary superior, monocarpellary, unilocular with many ovules, marginal placentation, short style. - **Fruit:** Legume (pod). - **Seed:** One to many, non-endospermic. - **Examples:** Pea (Pisum sativum), Gram, Moong, Soybean, Groundnut, Indigofera, Sesbania, Trifoliurn, Lupin, Sweet pea, Dalbergia (Sheesham). #### 2. Solanaceae - **Common Name:** Potato Family. - **Vegetative Characters:** Herbs, shrubs, rarely small trees; stem herbaceous or woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched; leaves alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate, reticulate venation. - **Floral Characters:** - **Inflorescence:** Solitary, axillary or cymose. - **Flower:** Bisexual, actinomorphic. - **Calyx:** 5 sepals, united (gamosepalous), persistent, valvate aestivation. - **Corolla:** 5 petals, united (gamopetalous), valvate aestivation. - **Androecium:** 5 stamens, epipetalous. - **Gynoecium:** Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, bilocular, ovules many in each locule, swollen placenta, axile placentation. - **Fruit:** Berry or capsule. - **Seed:** Many, endospermic. - **Examples:** Potato, Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Belladonna, Ashwagandha, Petunia, Datura, Tobacco. #### 3. Liliaceae - **Common Name:** Lily Family. - **Vegetative Characters:** Mostly monocotyledonous herbs with underground bulbs, corms, or rhizomes; leaves alternate, mostly basal, linear, exstipulate, parallel venation. - **Floral Characters:** - **Inflorescence:** Solitary, cymose, or racemose. - **Flower:** Bisexual, actinomorphic. - **Perianth:** 6 tepals (sepals and petals not differentiated), united or free, valvate aestivation. - **Androecium:** 6 stamens, epiphyllous (attached to perianth). - **Gynoecium:** Tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary, trilocular with many ovules, axile placentation. - **Fruit:** Capsule, rarely berry. - **Seed:** Endospermic. - **Examples:** Lily, Tulip, Gloriosa, Aloe, Asparagus, Colchicum autumnale (source of colchicine). ### Floral Formula and Floral Diagram #### Floral Formula A symbolic representation of a flower's structure. - **Br:** Bracteate (presence of bracts) - **Ebr:** Ebracteate (absence of bracts) - **BrL:** Bracteolate (presence of bracteoles) - **EbrL:** Ebracteolate (absence of bracteoles) - **$\oplus$**: Actinomorphic (Radial symmetry) - **$\%$**: Zygomorphic (Bilateral symmetry) - **$\text{♂}$**: Male flower - **$\text{♀}$**: Female flower - **$\text{⚥}$**: Bisexual flower - **K**: Calyx - $\text{K}_5$: 5 free sepals - $\text{K}_{(5)}$: 5 united sepals - **C**: Corolla - $\text{C}_5$: 5 free petals - $\text{C}_{(5)}$: 5 united petals - **P**: Perianth (when sepals and petals are not distinct) - $\text{P}_6$: 6 free tepals - $\text{P}_{(6)}$: 6 united tepals - **A**: Androecium - $\text{A}_5$: 5 free stamens - $\text{A}_{(5)}$: 5 united stamens - $\text{A}_{5+5}$: 10 stamens in two whorls - $\text{A}_{9+1}$: 10 stamens, 9 united, 1 free (diadelphous) - $\text{C}_5\text{A}_5$: 5 stamens epipetalous (attached to corolla) - **G**: Gynoecium - $\text{G}_{\underline{2}}$: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary - $\text{G}_{\overline{2}}$: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary - $\text{G}_{2}$: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, half-inferior ovary - $\text{G}_{2}$: Bicarpellary, apocarpous, superior ovary #### Examples of Floral Formula - **Fabaceae:** $\text{Br}\text{%}\text{⚥}\text{K}_{(5)}\text{C}_{1+2+(2)}\text{A}_{(9)+1}\text{G}_{\underline{1}}$ - **Solanaceae:** $\text{Br}\text{EbrL}\oplus\text{⚥}\text{K}_{(5)}\text{C}_{(5)}\text{A}_5\text{G}_{\underline{2}}$ - (Note: A is epipetalous, so A is attached to C, represented as $\text{C}_{(5)}\text{A}_5$) - **Liliaceae:** $\text{Br}\oplus\text{⚥}\text{P}_{(3+3)}\text{A}_{3+3}\text{G}_{\underline{3}}$ - (Note: A is epiphyllous, so A is attached to P, represented as $\text{P}_{(3+3)}\text{A}_{3+3}$) #### Floral Diagram A graphic representation of the cross-section of a flower, providing information about: - Number of floral parts. - Their arrangement. - Relation with each other. - Position of mother axis (dot at top of diagram). - Bracts and bracteoles (if present). - Aestivation of calyx and corolla. - Adhesion and cohesion of stamens and carpels. - Placentation type. **Key points for drawing:** - Mother axis represented by a dot at the top. - Bracts (if present) below the flower. - Outermost whorl is calyx, then corolla, androecium, and gynoecium in the center. - Each whorl represented by concentric circles. - Fusion shown by lines connecting the parts. - Aestivation shown by the overlapping pattern of margins. - Gynoecium in the center, showing locules and placentation.