2025 FMGE Exam Prep

Cheatsheet Content

### Anatomy - **Gross Anatomy:** - **Osteology:** Important bones, foramina, attachments. Skull foramina and contents. Vertebral column features. - **Muscles:** Origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions of major muscle groups (e.g., muscles of mastication, rotator cuff, hand, foot). - **Neuroanatomy:** Brainstem cross-sections (levels, nuclei, tracts). Cranial nerves (nuclei, course, functions, lesions). Cerebellum, basal ganglia. - **Thorax:** Mediastinal contents, heart chambers, great vessels, lung segments, pleura. - **Abdomen:** Organs, peritoneum, blood supply (celiac, SMA, IMA branches), portal venous system. - **Pelvis & Perineum:** Organs, spaces, nerves, vessels. - **Head & Neck:** Triangles of the neck, suprahyoid/infrahyoid muscles, salivary glands, paranasal sinuses. - **Histology:** - Basic tissues (epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue) and their subtypes. - Microscopic structure of organs (e.g., kidney, liver, lung, GI tract). - **Embryology:** - Germ layers derivatives. - Development of major organ systems (e.g., heart, brain, kidney, GI tract anomalies). - Pharyngeal arches and their derivatives. ### Physiology - **General Physiology:** - Cell membrane transport mechanisms (diffusion, osmosis, active transport). - Resting membrane potential, action potential, nerve conduction. - Synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters. - **Cardiovascular System:** - Cardiac cycle, ECG interpretation (waves, intervals, segments). - Cardiac output, blood pressure regulation (short-term, long-term). - Hemodynamics, microcirculation. - **Respiratory System:** - Lung volumes and capacities. - Gas exchange, transport of O2 and CO2. - Regulation of respiration. - Acid-base balance (respiratory and metabolic components). - **Renal System:** - Nephron structure, GFR, renal plasma flow. - Tubular reabsorption and secretion (Na, K, Cl, Glucose, Amino acids). - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). - Urine formation, concentration, dilution. - **Gastrointestinal System:** - Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats. - Hormonal regulation of GI function (gastrin, secretin, CCK). - Liver functions. - **Endocrine System:** - Hypothalamic-pituitary axis. - Hormones: synthesis, regulation, action (Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreatic, Parathyroid, Gonadal). - **Nervous System:** - Sensory pathways (ascending tracts). - Motor pathways (descending tracts). - Reflexes, autonomic nervous system. - Special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell). ### Biochemistry - **Metabolism:** - **Carbohydrate Metabolism:** Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, TCA cycle, HMP shunt. - **Lipid Metabolism:** Fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, lipoprotein metabolism. - **Protein Metabolism:** Amino acid metabolism, urea cycle. - **Enzymology:** - Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis-Menten, Lineweaver-Burk). - Enzyme regulation (allosteric, covalent modification). - Isoenzymes. - **Molecular Biology:** - DNA structure, replication, repair. - RNA transcription, translation. - Genetic code, protein synthesis. - Recombinant DNA technology. - **Vitamins & Minerals:** - Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B complex, C) vitamins: sources, functions, deficiency. - Important minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Mg): functions, deficiency. - **Clinical Biochemistry:** - Organ function tests (liver, kidney, thyroid). - Biomarkers for common diseases. ### Pathology - **General Pathology:** - **Cell Injury & Adaptation:** Reversible/irreversible injury, necrosis, apoptosis, adaptations (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia). - **Inflammation & Repair:** Acute/chronic inflammation, mediators, wound healing. - **Hemodynamic Disorders:** Edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock. - **Neoplasia:** Benign vs. malignant, carcinogenesis, tumor markers, staging/grading. - **Immunopathology:** Hypersensitivity reactions (Type I, II, III, IV), autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency. - **Systemic Pathology:** - **Cardiovascular:** Atherosclerosis, IHD, hypertension, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathies. - **Respiratory:** Pneumonia, TB, COPD, asthma, lung cancer. - **Renal:** Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, renal cell carcinoma. - **Gastrointestinal:** Peptic ulcer, IBD, cirrhosis, hepatitis, colorectal cancer. - **Hematology:** Anemias (iron deficiency, megaloblastic, hemolytic), leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas. - **Endocrine:** Diabetes Mellitus, thyroid disorders, adrenal disorders. - **Nervous System:** Stroke, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, meningitis, encephalitis, CNS tumors. - **Musculoskeletal:** Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, bone tumors. ### Pharmacology - **General Pharmacology:** - Pharmacokinetics: ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion), half-life, bioavailability. - Pharmacodynamics: Receptor types, agonist, antagonist, dose-response curves. - Drug interactions, adverse drug reactions. - **Autonomic Nervous System:** - Cholinergic drugs (agonists, antagonists). - Adrenergic drugs (agonists, antagonists). - **Cardiovascular Pharmacology:** - Antihypertensives (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers). - Antiarrhythmics, antianginals, anti-heart failure drugs. - Lipid-lowering drugs. - **CNS Pharmacology:** - Antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives/hypnotics. - Antiepileptics, antiparkinsonian drugs. - Opioid analgesics, NSAIDs. - **Antimicrobial Drugs:** - Antibiotics (beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines). - Antifungals, antivirals, antiparasitics (antimalarials, antihelminthics). - Antitubercular drugs. - **Endocrine Pharmacology:** - Insulin and oral hypoglycemics. - Thyroid and antithyroid drugs. - Corticosteroids. - **Gastrointestinal Pharmacology:** - Antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs. - Prokinetics, antiemetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals. - **Chemotherapy:** - Principles of cancer chemotherapy. - Major classes of anticancer drugs. ### Microbiology - **General Microbiology:** - Bacterial structure, growth, genetics. - Sterilization and disinfection. - Host-pathogen interaction, virulence factors. - **Bacteriology:** - Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). - Gram-negative cocci (Neisseria). - Gram-positive bacilli (Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Listeria). - Gram-negative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Legionella). - Mycobacteria, Spirochetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma. - Culture media, identification tests. - **Virology:** - DNA viruses (Herpes, Pox, Adeno, Papova, Hepadna). - RNA viruses (Ortho/Paramyxo, Picorna, Toga, Flavi, Retro, Rhabdo, Reo). - Viral replication, pathogenesis, vaccines. - **Mycology:** - Dermatophytes, Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis. - Antifungal agents. - **Parasitology:** - Protozoa (Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma). - Helminths (Trematodes, Cestodes, Nematodes). - Life cycles, diseases, treatment. - **Immunology:** - Innate and adaptive immunity. - Cells and organs of the immune system. - Antibodies, antigens, MHC. - Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity. - Vaccines. ### Forensic Medicine & Toxicology - **Forensic Medicine:** - **Medical Jurisprudence:** Legal procedures, medical ethics, consent, confidentiality. - **Forensic Pathology:** Post-mortem changes, causes of death, injury patterns (firearms, blunt force, sharp force). - **Forensic Anthropology:** Age, sex, stature determination from bones. - **Forensic Psychiatry:** Mental health laws, criminal responsibility. - **Forensic Obstetrics & Gynecology:** Pregnancy, abortion, sexual offenses. - **Toxicology:** - General principles of toxicology. - Common poisons: organophosphates, cyanide, corrosives, opium, alcohol, heavy metals. - Clinical features, diagnosis, management of poisoning. - Medico-legal aspects of poisoning. ### Community Medicine (PSM) - **Epidemiology:** - Measures of disease frequency (prevalence, incidence). - Measures of association (odds ratio, relative risk). - Study designs (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, RCT). - Screening tests (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV). - Causation, bias, confounding. - **Biostatistics:** - Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode). - Measures of dispersion (range, SD, variance). - Sampling, hypothesis testing (t-test, chi-square, ANOVA). - **Health Programs & Policies:** - National Health Programs (e.g., RCH, TB, Malaria, Immunization). - Health indicators, health care delivery system in India. - Primary health care, levels of prevention. - **Environmental Health:** - Water purification, sanitation, waste disposal. - Air and noise pollution. - **Nutrition:** - Nutritional deficiencies (PEM, vitamin deficiencies). - National nutritional programs. - **Demography & Family Planning:** - Demographic cycle, population dynamics. - Contraceptive methods. - **Occupational Health:** - Occupational diseases, hazards, prevention. ### General Surgery - **Principles of Surgery:** - Fluid & electrolyte balance, acid-base disorders. - Shock, hemorrhage, blood transfusions. - Wound healing, surgical infections, antibiotics in surgery. - Pre-operative and post-operative care. - Anesthesia types, complications. - **Trauma:** - ATLS principles, blunt and penetrating trauma. - Head injury, abdominal trauma, chest trauma. - **GI Surgery:** - Esophagus: Achalasia, GERD, carcinoma. - Stomach: Peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma. - Small Intestine: Obstruction, appendicitis, Meckel's diverticulum. - Large Intestine: Diverticulitis, colorectal carcinoma, IBD. - Anorectal: Hemorrhoids, fissures, fistulas, abscess. - Hernias: Inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional. - **Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery:** - Gallstones, cholecystitis, cholangitis. - Pancreatitis (acute, chronic), pancreatic cancer. - Liver abscess, hydatid cyst, hepatocellular carcinoma. - **Breast Surgery:** - Benign breast diseases (fibroadenoma, fibrocystic change). - Breast cancer: diagnosis, staging, management. - **Endocrine Surgery:** - Thyroid: Goiter, thyroid nodules, carcinoma. - Parathyroid: Hyperparathyroidism. - Adrenal: Adrenal tumors. - **Vascular Surgery:** - Arterial diseases (atherosclerosis, aneurysm, DVT). - Venous diseases (varicose veins). - **Urology (Surgical Aspects):** - Urolithiasis, BPH, prostate cancer. - Renal tumors, bladder tumors. - Pediatric urology (undescended testis, hypospadias). ### General Medicine - **Cardiology:** - Ischemic heart disease (angina, MI). - Heart failure, arrhythmias (AFib, SVT, VT). - Valvular heart disease, hypertension. - **Pulmonology:** - COPD, asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis. - Pleural effusion, lung cancer. - **Nephrology:** - Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease. - Glomerulonephritis, nephrotic/nephritic syndrome. - Electrolyte and acid-base disorders. - **Gastroenterology:** - GERD, PUD, IBD (Crohn's, UC). - Liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, HCC). - Pancreatitis. - **Endocrinology:** - Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1, Type 2, complications). - Thyroid disorders (hypo/hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis). - Adrenal disorders (Cushing's, Addison's, Conn's). - Pituitary disorders. - **Neurology:** - Stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic). - Epilepsy, headache (migraine, tension). - Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease. - Multiple sclerosis, GBS, myasthenia gravis. - Meningitis, encephalitis. - **Hematology:** - Anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas. - Bleeding disorders (hemophilia, von Willebrand). - Thrombotic disorders. - **Rheumatology:** - Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, SLE. - Gout, pseudogout, ankylosing spondylitis. - **Infectious Diseases:** - Fever of unknown origin. - HIV/AIDS, dengue, malaria, typhoid. - Sepsis, infectious endocarditis. ### Pediatrics - **Growth & Development:** - Milestones (motor, social, language). - Growth charts, nutritional assessment. - **Neonatology:** - Normal neonate, APGAR score. - Prematurity, low birth weight. - Neonatal jaundice, respiratory distress syndrome. - Neonatal infections. - **Immunization:** - National Immunization Schedule (NIP). - Vaccine types, contraindications. - **Nutrition:** - Breastfeeding, complementary feeding. - PEM (marasmus, kwashiorkor), vitamin deficiencies. - **Common Pediatric Illnesses:** - **Respiratory:** Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, asthma, croup. - **Gastrointestinal:** Diarrhea, dehydration, gastroenteritis. - **Infectious:** Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, dengue, malaria. - **Hematology:** Anemias (iron deficiency, thalassemia), leukemias. - **Renal:** UTIs, nephrotic syndrome. - **Neurology:** Febrile seizures, epilepsy, meningitis. - **Child Health Programs:** - IMNCI, RCH. ### Obstetrics & Gynecology - **Obstetrics:** - **Antenatal Care:** Investigations, risk assessment. - **Physiology of Pregnancy:** Maternal changes, fetal development. - **Diagnosis of Pregnancy:** Signs, symptoms. - **Complications of Pregnancy:** - Early: Abortion, ectopic pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum. - Late: Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, gestational diabetes, placenta previa, abruption placentae. - **Labor & Delivery:** Stages of labor, normal vs. abnormal labor, monitoring. - **Postpartum:** PPH, puerperal sepsis, lactation. - **Fetal Monitoring:** NST, BPS, Doppler. - **Gynecology:** - **Menstrual Cycle Disorders:** Amenorrhea, DUB, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea. - **Contraception:** Methods, indications, contraindications. - **Infertility:** Causes, investigations, management. - **Benign Gynecological Conditions:** Uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, PID. - **Malignant Gynecological Conditions:** Carcinoma cervix, endometrium, ovary. - **Reproductive Tract Infections:** STI management. - **Menopause:** Symptoms, HRT. ### Ophthalmology - **Anatomy & Physiology of Eye:** - Eye structures, visual pathways, aqueous humor dynamics. - **Refractive Errors:** Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia. - **Disorders of Eyelids & Lacrimal System:** Blepharitis, stye, chalazion, dacryocystitis. - **Conjunctival Disorders:** Conjunctivitis (bacterial, viral, allergic), pterygium. - **Corneal Disorders:** Keratitis, corneal ulcer, corneal opacities. - **Glaucoma:** Types, diagnosis, medical & surgical management. - **Cataract:** Types, causes, surgical management (IOL). - **Retinal Disorders:** Diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, retinal detachment, AMD. - **Optic Nerve Disorders:** Optic neuritis, papilledema. - **Strabismus & Amblyopia.** - **Ocular Trauma.** ### ENT (Otorhinolaryngology) - **Ear:** - **Anatomy & Physiology of Ear:** Outer, middle, inner ear structures, hearing pathway. - **Hearing Loss:** Conductive, sensorineural, mixed. Audiometry. - **External Ear:** Otitis externa, furuncle, foreign body. - **Middle Ear:** Otitis media (acute, chronic), tympanic membrane perforation, otosclerosis. - **Inner Ear:** Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, BPPV, acoustic neuroma. - **Nose & Paranasal Sinuses:** - **Anatomy & Physiology of Nose:** Nasal septum, turbinates, paranasal sinuses. - **Rhinitis:** Allergic, vasomotor. - **Sinusitis:** Acute, chronic. - **Nasal Polyps, Epistaxis, Deviated Nasal Septum.** - **Nasal & Sinus Tumors.** - **Throat & Larynx:** - **Anatomy & Physiology of Pharynx & Larynx.** - **Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis, Peritonsillar Abscess.** - **Laryngitis, Vocal Cord Nodules/Polyps.** - **Carcinoma Larynx.** - **Foreign Body in Airway/Esophagus.** ### Anesthesia - **Preoperative Assessment:** ASA grading, risk assessment. - **Types of Anesthesia:** General, regional (spinal, epidural), local. - **Airway Management:** LMA, endotracheal intubation. - **Anesthetic Agents:** Inhalational (sevoflurane, isoflurane), intravenous (propofol, thiopental, ketamine). - **Muscle Relaxants:** Depolarizing (succinylcholine), non-depolarizing. - **Monitoring during Anesthesia:** ECG, BP, SpO2, EtCO2. - **Postoperative Care:** PACU management, pain control, complications (PONV, respiratory depression). - **CPR Guidelines.** ### Radiology - **Basic Physics of Imaging:** X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasound. - **Contrast Media:** Types, indications, contraindications, adverse reactions. - **Common X-ray Interpretations:** Chest X-ray (pneumonia, TB, effusion, pneumothorax), abdominal X-ray (obstruction, perforation). - **CT Scans:** Head (stroke, trauma), Abdomen (appendicitis, pancreatitis). - **MRI:** Brain (tumors, MS), Spine (disc prolapse). - **Ultrasound:** Abdomen (gallstones, liver lesions), Pelvis (ovarian cysts, fibroids). - **Nuclear Medicine:** PET scan, SPECT scan, bone scan. - **Interventional Radiology:** Angiography, biopsies, drainage. ### Dermatology - **Basic Lesions:** Macule, papule, vesicle, bulla, pustule, nodule, plaque, urticaria. - **Bacterial Skin Infections:** Impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, folliculitis. - **Fungal Skin Infections:** Tinea (dermatophytosis), candidiasis, pityriasis versicolor. - **Viral Skin Infections:** Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, warts, molluscum contagiosum. - **Parasitic Infestations:** Scabies, pediculosis. - **Allergic Skin Conditions:** Eczema (atopic, contact), urticaria. - **Papulosquamous Disorders:** Psoriasis, lichen planus. - **Acne Vulgaris & Rosacea.** - **Pigmentary Disorders:** Vitiligo, melasma. - **Vesiculobullous Disorders:** Pemphigus, pemphigoid. - **Skin Tumors:** BCC, SCC, melanoma. - **Drug Reactions.** ### Psychiatry - **Classification of Mental Disorders:** ICD-10, DSM-5. - **Schizophrenia:** Symptoms (positive, negative, cognitive), types, management. - **Mood Disorders:** - **Depression:** Symptoms, types, treatment (pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy). - **Bipolar Disorder:** Mania, hypomania, treatment. - **Anxiety Disorders:** GAD, panic disorder, phobias, OCD, PTSD. - **Substance Use Disorders:** Alcohol, opioids, cannabis, stimulants. Withdrawal symptoms, management. - **Personality Disorders:** Clusters (A, B, C). - **Child & Adolescent Psychiatry:** ADHD, autism spectrum disorder. - **Geriatric Psychiatry:** Dementia, delirium. - **Psychopharmacology:** Antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics. - **Legal & Ethical Issues in Psychiatry.** ### Orthopedics - **Fractures:** - Classification (open/closed, complete/incomplete, stable/unstable). - Principles of fracture healing, complications (malunion, nonunion, delayed union, AVN). - Management (reduction, immobilization, internal/external fixation). - Specific fractures: Colles, supracondylar, femoral neck, tibia, ankle. - **Dislocations:** Shoulder, hip, elbow. - **Spinal Disorders:** - Disc prolapse, sciatica. - Spondylosis, spondylolisthesis. - Spinal trauma. - **Joint Disorders:** - Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis. - Septic arthritis, tuberculosis of bone/joint. - **Bone Tumors:** Osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, giant cell tumor. - **Pediatric Orthopedics:** - CDH (Congenital Dysplasia of Hip), clubfoot (CTEV). - Perthes disease, SCFE (Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis). - **Amputations:** Indications, levels. - **Ligament & Tendon Injuries:** ACL, meniscal tears, rotator cuff.