Stood for equality/upliftment of women, against gender discrimination.

Against payment of MPs; membership is matter of pride/honor.

Mill on Democracy

"John Stuart Mill is a 'reluctant democrat'" – C.L. Wayper

Some view him not as true democrat due to supporting adult franchise with weighted voting for educated/propertied.
Actual ardent follower of democracy, believed it brings happiness.
Distinguished true and false democracy: "democracy of numbers... is false democracy."

True democracy according to Mill:

"A democracy which gives weight to all the different elements of the society... is true democracy."
Redefined democracy, highlighted importance of democratic government.

Estimate of Mill

Highly regarded by Maxey, Bowel, Wayper.
Redefined utilitarianism (Wayper: "most satisfactory utilitarian").
Highlighted tyranny of majority, advocated minority rights.
Importance of individual liberty, freedom of speech/expression.
Highlighted bureaucracy evils, opposed government interference, emphasized representative democracy.
Proponent of gender equality, stood for women's rights.
Stood for voting rights.

KARL MARX

"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Proletarians of All Countries, Unite!" - Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto, 1848

Introduction

German philosopher, revolutionary, historian, economist (1818-1883).
Influential thinker of 19th century, founded Marxism.
Writings influenced Lenin and Mao Zedong.
Unified socialist thought into coherent worldview and doctrine of struggle.
Ideas often modified, adapted to political circumstances.

Works

'The Communist Manifesto' (co-authored with Friedrich Engels).
'Das Capital'
'The Poverty of Philosophy'
'Value, Price and Profit'
'The Critique of Political Economy'
'Civil War in France'

Influences on Marx

German classical philosophy (basis for historical materialism).
Classical school of British economy (labor theory, Adam Smith, Ricardo).
French Revolutionary tradition (theory of revolution, class war from French socialist philosophy).
German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel (dialectic method and idealism).

Theories of Marx

Dialectic Materialism
Historical Materialism
Theory of Class War
Theories of Value and Surplus Value
Theory on State and Revolution
Dictatorship of Proletariat

Dialectic Materialism

"It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary, their social being determines their consciousness." – Karl Marx

What is Dialectics?

Discourse between people with different views to establish truth through reasoned arguments.
Excludes subjective elements.

Hegel's Dialectics:

Hegel (idealist) believed ideas develop through dialectics (thesis, anti-thesis, synthesis).

Marx's thoughts:

Borrowed Hegel's theory, demonstrated necessity of class structure and revolution.
Materialist: matter more important than ideas; phenomena are forms of matter in motion.
"Hegel is standing on his head. We have to make him stand on his feet."
"It is not the consciousness of me