Signal Modeling: Convolution, transfer functions, frequency response.

Signal Processing: Filtering, estimation, algorithms, data manipulation.

Design Constraints: Minimize cost, power, memory, development time.

System Requirements: Repetitive numeric computations, strict numeric fidelity, high memory bandwidth (array access).

Definition: Digital filter where output is linear combination of present and past input values.
Mathematical Representation: $y(k) = \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} h_i x(k-i)$
- $y(k)$: output, $x(k)$: input, $h_i$: filter coefficients.
Advantages: Linear phase, stability, improved computational time.

Highly integrated: Designed for embedded control applications.
Core Components:
- Register File: Register RAM, CPU Special Function Registers (SFRs).
- RALU (Register ALU): ALU, Microcode Engine, Master Program Counter (PC), Program Status Word (PSW).
- Memory Controller: Prefetch Queue, Slave PC, Bus Controller.
On-Chip Peripherals:
- Signal Processing: A/D, PWM, WG (Waveform Generator), FG (Frequency Generator).
- Control & Timing: EPA (Event Processor Array), WDT (Watchdog Timer).
- Communication: SIO (Serial I/O), general-purpose I/O ports.
System Management: Clock/Power Management, Interrupt Controller, PTS (Peripheral Transaction Server), optional on-chip ROM.

1. Voltage Stability & Correct Operation:
- Ensures voltages at individual devices remain at/above target.
- Guarantees circuits operate correctly under varying load conditions.
2. Current Management & Distribution:
- Keeps current from a single pad/pin/regulator within safety limits.
- Prevents overload of regulators and pads.
- Minimizes noise (Ldi/dt variations) by distributing currents uniformly.

Technique: Transmits multiple pieces of information over same physical wires by separating them in time.
Requires a multiplexer (mux) at transmitter (Master) and demultiplexer (demux) at receiver (Servant).
Applications:
- 1. Data Serializing (Reducing Wire Count):
  - Example: Transmitting 16 bits over an 8-bit line.
  - Process: MSB (15:8) sent first, then LSB (7:0).
- 2. Address/Data Muxing (Sharing Functionality):
  - Same wires carry Address first, then Data.
Synchronization: Uses a control signal (e.g., 'req') to distinguish time slots (e.g., MSB vs. LSB, Address vs. Data).

Feature	Strobe Protocol	Handshake Protocol
Basic Concept	Unilateral method where the Master initiates transfer without waiting for a response from the Servant.	Bilateral method where the Master and