Pyramids: Ancient Egypt (c. 2600 BCE), monumental architecture, engineering prowess.

Paper: Invented in China by Cai Lun (c. 105 CE), crucial for spreading knowledge.

Archimedes' Screw: Greece (c. 3rd century BCE), device for lifting water.

Geometry: Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BCE), foundational text for mathematics.

Astronomy: Early observations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Maya.

Movable Type Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1440 CE), revolutionized information dissemination.
Gunpowder: Discovered in China (c. 9th century CE), initially for fireworks, later for warfare.
Compass: Invented in China (c. 11th century CE), crucial for navigation.
Spectacles: Italy (c. 13th century CE), improved vision for reading and fine work.
Mechanical Clock: Europe (c. 13th century CE), standardized timekeeping.
Algebra: Al-Khwarizmi (c. 9th century CE), Persian mathematician, foundational text.
Anatomy (Human): Andreas Vesalius (1543), "De humani corporis fabrica," detailed dissections.
Perspective Drawing: Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti (early 15th century), revolutionized art.

Heliocentric Model: Nicolaus Copernicus (1543), Earth revolves around the Sun.
Laws of Planetary Motion: Johannes Kepler (early 17th century), elliptical orbits.
Telescope: Hans Lippershey (1608), improved by Galileo Galilei (1609), revolutionized astronomy.
Microscope: Zacharias Janssen (c. 1590), improved by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (late 17th century), opened up microbiology.
Laws of Motion & Universal Gravitation: Isaac Newton (1687), "Principia Mathematica," foundational physics.
Calculus: Independently developed by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (late 17th century).
Circulation of Blood: William Harvey (1628), "De Motu Cordis," described the circulatory system.
Smallpox Vaccine: Edward Jenner (1796), first successful vaccine.
Steam Engine: James Watt (improved 1769), key to the Industrial Revolution.
Lightning Rod: Benjamin Franklin (1752), protection against lightning strikes.

Dynamo (Electric Generator): Michael Faraday (1831), basis for electrical power generation.
Photography: Nicéphore Niépce (1826), Louis Daguerre (1839), capturing images.
Telegraph: Samuel Morse (1837), long-distance communication.
Evolution by Natural Selection: Charles Darwin (1859), "On the Origin of Species."
Germ Theory of Disease: Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch (mid-19th century), revolutionized medicine.
Periodic Table: Dmitri Mendeleev (1869), organized chemical elements.
Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell (1876), voice communication.
Light Bulb: Thomas Edison (1879), practical electric lighting.
Radio: Guglielmo Marconi (1895), wireless communication.
X-rays: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1895), imaging inside the body.
Automobile: Karl Benz (1886), first practical gasoline-powered car.

Theory of Relativity: Albert Einstein (1905, 1915), redefined space, time, gravity.
Quantum Mechanics: Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger (early 20th century).
Airplane: Wright Brothers (1903), first