Form Factor (FF): Ratio of RMS output voltage to average output voltage. $$ FF = \frac{V_{o,rms}}{V_{o,avg}} $$ (Refer to "Form factor: Form factor is defined as the ratio of RMS voltage to the average DC voltage" on page 16 of the notes).

Voltage Ripple Factor ($R_f$): $$ R_f = \sqrt{FF^2 - 1} $$ (Refer to "Ripple factor (Rf)" on page 16 of the notes).

Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF): Ratio of output DC power to the VA rating of the transformer. $$ TUF = \frac{P_{dc}}{VA_{rating}} $$ (Refer to "Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF):" on page 16 of the notes).

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV): For a three-phase half-wave rectifier, PIV is typically $\sqrt{3}V_m$. (Notes primarily discuss single-phase PIV on page 16, but in 3-phase, it's line-to-line peak).

Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter with R-L Load

Operation: Consists of four SCRs in a bridge configuration. During the positive half cycle, T1 and T2 are triggered. During the negative half cycle, T3 and T4 are triggered. The firing angle $\alpha$ controls the output voltage. The inductive load current can be continuous or discontinuous depending on $\alpha$ and load parameters. (Refer to "Single phase fully controlled converters with RLE load" and "The circuit diagram of a full wave bridge rectifier..." on page 13 of the notes).
Circuit Diagram: (Refer to "Figure: 2.11 single phase full converter circuit with RLE load" on page 13 of the notes).
Output Voltage and Current Waveforms: (Refer to "Figure: 2.12 single phase full converter circuit with RLE load input and output waveforms" on page 13 of the notes).
Average Output Voltage ($V_{o,avg}$): $$ V_{o,avg} = \frac{2V_m}{\pi} \cos\alpha $$ (Refer to "The average output voltage is $V_o = \frac{2V_m}{\pi} \cos\alpha$" on page 14 of the notes).
RMS Output Voltage ($V_{o,rms}$): $$ V_{o,rms} = V_m \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi} \left[ \frac{\pi - \alpha}{2} + \frac{\sin(2\alpha)}{4} \right]} $$ (Refer to "The rms value of voltage is $V_{or} = V_m \sqrt{\frac{1}{2\pi} \left[ (\pi-\alpha) + \frac{1}{2}\sin(2\alpha) \right]}$" on page 9, which is for half-wave, but for full-wave it's a bit different. The notes show $V_{rms} = V_m \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\left[1+\frac{\alpha}{\pi} - \frac{\sin(2\alpha)}{2\pi}\right]}$ for half-wave, and for full-wave, it's $V_{rms} = V_m \sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi}\left[\frac{\pi-\alpha}{2}+\frac{\sin(2\alpha)}{4}\right]}$ from external sources for continuous conduction).

Single-Phase Mid-Point Type Step-Down Cycloconverter

Explanation: A cycloconverter converts AC power at one frequency to AC power at another (lower) frequency without an intermediate DC link. A mid-point type cycloconverter uses two converters (e.g., two full-wave rectifiers) connected back-to-back with a common load. For step-down operation, the output frequency is lower than the input frequency. (Not explicitly detailed in the provided notes, but understanding of cycloconverters and mid-point rectifiers can be inferred).

Single-Phase Mid-Point Type Step-Up Cycloconverter

Explanation: Similar to the step-down cycloconverter, but designed to produce an output AC frequency higher than the input frequency. This is generally more complex and less common than step-down cycloconverters. (Not explicitly detailed in the provided notes).

Three-Phase Full-Wave Converter (Fully Controlled Bridge)

Operation: Uses six thyristors in a bridge configuration. Each pair of thyristors conducts for $120^\circ$. The output voltage is controlled by the firing angle $\alpha$. It can operate in both rectifier and inverter modes. (Refer to "Operation of three phase fully co