Space, Robotics & 3D Printing

Cheatsheet Content

1. Indian Space Programme What is Space Programme? A set of activities by a country to explore space and use space technology for human benefit. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) Established: 1969 Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka Founder: Vikram Sarabhai Motto: "Space technology in the service of mankind" Objectives of ISRO Development of satellites Space exploration Weather forecasting Communication and navigation Disaster management Important ISRO Missions Chandrayaan: Lunar exploration mission Mangalyaan: Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), India's first interplanetary mission Gaganyaan: Planned human spaceflight mission Launch Vehicles PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): Used for lighter satellites, highly reliable GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Used for heavier satellites, carries communication satellites Satellites and Their Uses Communication: TV, radio, mobile networks Weather: Cyclone and rainfall prediction Navigation: GPS, maps Remote Sensing: Earth observation, agriculture, forest monitoring 2. Astronomy What is Astronomy? Scientific study of celestial objects such as stars, planets, moons, asteroids, and galaxies. Celestial Bodies Star: Self-luminous body made of hot gases Planet: Revolves around a star, has no light of its own Satellite: Revolves around a planet The Sun Star at the center of the solar system Provides heat and light Source of energy for life on Earth Solar System Consists of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets Order of planets: Mercury $\to$ Venus $\to$ Earth $\to$ Mars $\to$ Jupiter $\to$ Saturn $\to$ Uranus $\to$ Neptune The Moon Natural satellite of Earth Has no atmosphere Shows phases due to its changing position Important Concepts Galaxy: Collection of billions of stars Milky Way: Galaxy containing our solar system Constellation: Group of stars forming a pattern Light Year: Distance light travels in one year Twinkling of Stars Stars twinkle due to atmospheric refraction Planets do not twinkle as they are closer and appear larger 3. Drone Technology What is a Drone? An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that flies without a pilot onboard. How Drones Fly Use rotating propellers Lift is created by air pressure difference Controlled by remote or software Main Components Frame: Body of the drone Propellers: Help in lifting Motors: Rotate propellers Battery: Power source Controller: Used by operator Camera (optional) Types of Drones Quadcopter Fixed-wing drones Hybrid drones Applications Military surveillance Agriculture spraying Delivery services Disaster relief Photography and mapping Safety and Rules Avoid flying near airports Maintain visual contact Follow government guidelines 4. Robotics What is Robotics? The branch of science that deals with designing, building, and operating robots. Robot A programmable machine capable of performing tasks automatically. Main Parts of a Robot Sensors: Detect light, sound, temperature Controller: Processes information Actuators: Enable movement Power Source: Battery or electricity Types of Robots Industrial robots Service robots Medical robots Educational robots Robot vs. Machine Robot: Programmable, uses sensors, intelligent Machine: Fixed function, no sensing, not intelligent Role of Programming Robots follow coded instructions Error in code = error in action 5. 3D Printing What is 3D Printing? A method of creating three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer. Why Additive Manufacturing? Material is added, not cut Less wastage Accurate designs Steps in 3D Printing Create digital design Convert to printable format Print layer by layer Finish and polish Materials Used PLA plastic ABS plastic Resin Metal (industrial use) Advantages Customizable designs Fast production Cost-effective for prototypes Applications Education models Medical implants Engineering prototypes Architecture models