Defined service standards.
Framework for public service quality.
Community monitoring of programs.

Decentralization

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992)
NITI Aayog
15th Finance Commission

Strengthened local governance.
Promoted cooperative federalism.
Devolved central taxes to states.

Other Initiatives

Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)
Good Governance Index (GGI)
Good Governance Day

Targeted development of underdeveloped districts.
Ranks states/UTs on governance performance.
Observed on December 25th.

Best Practices

Inclusive Governance for Transgender Community in Balangir, Odisha: IAS Chanchal Rana's Sweekruti Scheme.
Community-Led Waste Management in Alappuzha, Kerala: Decentralized solid waste management.

Way Forward

Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Strengthen RTI, digitize records.
Enhancing Service Delivery: Develop Citizens’ Charters with citizen engagement.
Establishment of Public Service Values: Enforce a robust Code of Ethics for civil servants.
IT Reforms for Good Governance: Build reliable IT infrastructure.
Boosting Citizen Participation: Promote participatory budgeting.
Ensuring Transparency and Efficiency: Use RTI, social audits, e-governance.
Empowering Local Governance: Strengthen decentralization of local bodies.
Promoting Ethical Governance: Enforce zero tolerance for corruption.

2. E-Governance

According to the World Bank, e-Governance refers to the use by government agencies of information technologies such as Wide Area Networks (WANs), the Internet, and mobile computing that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.

Significance of e-Governance

Aspect	Description	Example
Integrated Inter-Departmental Coordination	Streamlines coordination, reduces delays.	PM Gati Shakti portal
Administrative Cost Efficiency	Minimises physical monitoring, operational expenditure.	DigiLocker
Service Accessibility & Inclusion	Expands reach of public services to remote areas.	Mobile Seva
Transparency & Citizen-Centric Accountability	Empowers citizens to track benefits, reduces corruption.	National Mobile Monitoring System (MGNREGA)
Direct Benefit Delivery & Financial Inclusion	Enables real-time transfer of subsidies.	PM Jan Dhan Yojana + DBT
Business Process Reengineering	Eases regulatory compliance and approvals.	MCA21