The ability of an organism to regrow lost body parts (e.g., lizard's tail) or to develop an entire new organism from a small cut piece of the body.
Examples: Hydra, Planaria (flatworm). If Planaria is cut into several pieces, each piece can regenerate into a complete new Planaria.
Mechanism: Specialized cells in these organisms proliferate and differentiate to form new tissues and organs.
Distinction from Reproduction: While some organisms like Planaria use regeneration as a form of reproduction, it's primarily a repair mechanism. Not all organisms that regenerate parts can reproduce this way. (PYQ: Is regeneration same as reproduction? Explain with an example).

A small outgrowth or bud develops on the parent body due to repeated cell division at one site. This bud matures, detaches from the parent body, and develops into a new independent individual.
Example: Hydra (a simple invertebrate). A bud forms, develops mouth and tentacles, and then detaches.
Example: Yeast (a unicellular fungus). A small bud forms and detaches, or sometimes remains attached forming a chain of cells.

Organisms produce numerous microscopic, asexual reproductive units called spores. These spores are typically covered by thick protective walls (cysts) that enable them to survive unfavorable conditions (like drought or high temperature).
Example: Rhizopus (bread mould). It produces sporangia (spore-producing structures) which contain numerous spores. When the sporangium bursts, spores are released into the air. If they land on a moist, nutrient-rich surface, they germinate and grow into new fungal hyphae. (PYQ: Explain spore formation in Rhizopus).

A type of asexual reproduction in plants where new plants are produced from the vegetative parts (root, stem, leaves) of the parent plant, rather than from seeds.
Natural Methods:
- By Stem:
  - Rhizome: Underground stems (e.g., Ginger, Turmeric).
  - Tuber: Swollen underground stems with 'eyes' (buds) (e.g., Potato).
  - Bulb: Short, modified underground stem with fleshy leaves (e.g., Onion, Garlic).
  - Runner/Stolon: Horizontal stems growing above ground (e.g., Grass, Strawberry).
- By Root: Adventitious buds on roots can give rise to new plants (e.g., Sweet potato, Dahlia, Guava).
- By Leaves: Leaves with adventitious buds can produce new plants (e.g., Bryophyllum leaf, Kalanchoe).
Artificial Methods: Used in agriculture and horticulture to produce desired varieties quickly.
- Cutting: A piece of stem, root, or leaf is cut and planted in soil, where it develops roots and shoots (e.g., Rose, Sugarcane, Bougainvillea).
- Layering: A branch of the parent plant is bent and covered with soil while still attached to the parent. Roots develop from the covered part, and then it is cut and grown as a new plant (e.g., Jasmine, Lemon).
- Grafting: Two plants are joined together so that they grow as one. The scion (a shoot part of one plant) is attached to the stock (the rooted part of another plant). This combines desirable traits of both plants (e.g., Mango, Apple, Rose).
- Tissue Culture (Micropropagation) (NCERT Page 1